Research Paper on AIDS

Ever since AIDS was first reported officially in early 1980s, it has become known as the plague of the XX century. Only in 2007 it has taken away over 2.1 million lives (330,000 of them were children under 15 years). Over 33.2 million people (including 2.5 million children) live with the HIV, according to the last year statistics of the WHO. And the virus does not stop, moreover – it continues to infect new people – in 2007, an estimated 1.8 to 4.1 million people (including 420,000 children).

As for the situation in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believes around 1.2 million residents have either HIV infection or AIDS, and at least 25% of them are not aware of this terrifying fact. Every year over 40.000 people are getting infected (approximately three-forth are men, the rest are women, especially young ones).

Young people tend to underestimate their chances of getting HIV, but then it is too late. One should remember that HIV and AIDS are incurable, and once you get infected there is no way back. So it is easier to protect oneself than to support vital functions for the rest of the life (which will not last long if you are HIV-infected and especially if you already have AIDS).

__________________________________________________________

We Can Write Custom Research Papers on AIDS for You!

__________________________________________________________

AIDS is being heatedly discussed globally. Piles of information on this pandemic are being distributed worldwide, and still, people continue to get infected.

What are the reasons for such a state of actions? Why is the virus so powerful and mass? What should one do to avoid getting infected? And what is the course of actions if that was unavoidable? All these questions will be covered in the following parts of this paper. Let us now get more into the essence of AIDS, its meaning and the major characteristics.

What does AIDS mean?

The acronym AIDS stands for acquired (meaning you can get infected with it) immune deficiency (inability of the body’s system to fight diseases) syndrome (a group of health problems that cause a disease).

You will most probably be surprised to know that there is no such illness as AIDS, and still, people with AIDS die within a short term (mostly from the so-called opportunistic infections – various viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria like Candidiasis (Thrush), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex viruses, Malaria Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC or MAI), Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), Toxoplasmosis (Toxo), or Tuberculosis (TB), etc.

You do not get AIDS if you are not infected with an HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, first. But if you are, the body system will eventually try to fight the infection through making "antibodies". The presence of these molecules in the blood is a sign of an HIV infection, and who have them are called "HIV-Positive" but it is not equal to having AIDS. One may be HIV-positive but continue living for many years. Two types of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2, while the former is more virulent, more easily transmitted and caused the majority of HIV infections worldwide.

AIDS is the peak of the HIV-infection. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus in action means your immune system is under attack, and the viruses and parasites that would otherwise not cause any inconveniences, may severely harm you if you are HIV-positive, the virus harms almost every organ. An HIV-positive person is at a greater risk of developing fatal diseases, like cancer. And if a relatively healthy (HIV-negative) person has cancer he or she might get cured or live for substantial period of time, an HIV-positive (developing AIDS) person with cancer might die within several months, because the body is unable to fight against the attackers of the immune system.

The healthiness of the immune system is counted in CD4 cells. Starting from 1993, the Centers for Disease Control determine people with AIDS as all HIV positive people with a CD4+ T cell count below 200 per µL of blood.

Transmission

HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through: blood (it has the highest concentration of virus), vaginal secretions (fluids), semen (the second highest concentration) and even breast milk.

Saliva, sweat, tears, urine and feces are not infectious.

You may get infected with HIV through an unprotected sexual contact, direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, mother to baby (before or during pregnancy, birth, or through breast feeding – the breast milk contains HIV of an infected mother).

The above-stated ways of getting HIV are estimated to be high to extremely high risks if getting the devastating virus of human immunodeficiency. So, as they say an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.

Testing

It usually takes up to two months (sometimes more) for the immune system to produce antibodies to HIV, so there is no use testing straight after being exposed to the treat of getting HIV. Still, one should keep in might he or she might transmit the virus to others in case of HIV-infection being in force.

Antibody testing for HIV at 3 and 6 months after possible exposure will detect almost all the infections, and the test results are 99.5% accurate.

With children born to HIV-positive mothers the case for testing is much more complicated: they may have false positive test results for several months because mothers pass infection-fighting antibodies to their newborn children.

HIV testing is performed at any Public Health office or at the private doctor’s office. The Home Access test kit enables to collect a sample of your blood that might be forwarded to a laboratory for testing. You can get tested anonymously, but in case the results are positive and the treatment takes place, the name of the infected person may be reported to the Department of Health. The track of the HIV-positive patients is kept confidential.

The most common HIV test is a blood test and the results are usually available in a fortnight. There also are newer "Rapid" HIV test (mouth fluid or urine). The results are available within 30 minutes.

A positive result should definitely be confirmed with a second test. In the US there is the National AIDS Hotline available for those seeking help or information concerning the HIV/AIDS issue.

A positive test result does not mean that you have AIDS. If you test positive, you should learn more about HIV and decide how to take care of your health.

Treatment

There is no vaccine or cure for either HIV or AIDS.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART, is the most common current treatment for HIV infection. Introduced in 1996, HAART has become the stabilizer that prolongs thousands of lives worldwide. Highly active antiretroviral therapy does not cure HIV, at it does not even alleviate the symptoms, and moreover, some types of viruses are HAART resistant. Still, it is the only truly helpful medication available. If HIV is not treated, it will take some ten years for the virus to become AIDS, and then in less than a year the patient ceases.

After a highly significant exposure, a post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is being conducted. It is an antiretroviral treatment lasting approximately a month and having unpleasant side effects (like diarrhea, nausea, etc.)

Daily multivitamin and mineral supplements are also useful for support of an infected person because it prolongs the time before HAART is required for the patient.

Among the main reasons for the AIDS to spread quickly around the world is the poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports, psychiatric disease and drug abuse among the HIV-positive patients.

Prevention

The only known methods of prevention are based on avoiding exposure to the virus. The main ways of adhering to this practice are avoiding unprotected sexual relations and exposure to the infected body fluids (the latter refers to intravenous drug users sharing syringes, health care workers, and recipients of blood transfusions and blood products). Remember that HIV may be caused even by using an infected needle for piercing or a tattoo.

Nearly all people infected with HIV through blood transfusions received those transfusions before 1985, which was only a couple years after AIDS was officially recognized.

In the late 1980 the HIV test of the donated blood has become possible. Nowadays, the U.S. blood supply is among the safest in the world. Still, there are cases of getting HIV-infection through the blood transfusions, especially in the third world countries, where the levels of such infections are still extremely high. During a sexual act, only condoms can reduce the chances of infection with HIV and other STDs.

It is obvious that will all the inconveniences and devastating effects caused by the HIV, it is easier to prevent getting infected then wasting the lifetime trying to fight the unavoidable.

Of course having HIV does not necessarily mean having AIDS, but the immune system is not perpetual. It will eventually lose the power and any disease may become fatal.

The aim of all the organizations and unions fighting the HIV/AIDS is the informational support of the individuals and the raise of awareness about the problem. But there is nothing they can do if you do not take care of yourself and protect your health and the health of your family for the sake of the future generations.

You can also help people who have AIDS by making a donation or supporting WHO initiatives worldwide. It is wrong to reject, discriminate or avoid HIV-positive people. In many countries compulsory HIV testing (without prior consent or protection of confidentiality) and even violence against HIV infected individuals takes place. And this violence or the fear of violence prevents people from HIV testing or returning for their results. Some of them do not use any treatment, trying to hide the fact or getting revengeful and continuing the spread of HIV.

Globally there are numerous cases of getting infected as a result of physical or sexual violence, when the victim was unable to avoid getting the virus. That is why HIV-positive people do not deserve being treated improperly. On the contrary, they should be supported and taken care of while they fight for their health and life.

Help the world overcome this devastating disease: act and protect yourself and your relatives. Do not forget nobody is safe. Do not think some higher force will protect you. Your health and even your life are in your own hands.
_______________________________________________________

Warning!!! All free online research papers, research paper samples and example research papers on AIDS topics are plagiarized and cannot be fully used in your high school, college or university education.


If you need a custom research paper, research proposal, essay, dissertation, thesis paper or term paper on your topic, EffectivePapers.com will write your research papers from scratch. Starting at $12/page you can order custom written papers online. We work with experienced PhD. and Master's freelance writers to help you with writing any academic papers in any subject! High quality and 100% non-plagiarized papers guaranteed!

___________________________________________________________

Read More

Essay on Wal-Mart

The Wal-Mart case, as well as the business itself does not leave you indifferent – you either love it or hate it and hardly anyone will blame you for such expressing feelings.

The Wal-Mart’s story reminds of the Cinderella’s fairy tale, only now the she has gained extra weight and does not know how to manage the castle anymore. Still, the she is a Queen now and nobody dares to question that.

The internal conditions of the America’s largest retailer’s performance are based on the initial approach of low-cost selling. The company’s motto “Always low prices” is what attracts millions of customers to the Wal-Mart superstores every day. Let us now take a closer look at the strengths and weaknesses the company has to face in its internal environment. The major strengths are the pricing, convenience (availability) of the stores, the scale of business, and the capital accumulated, the ability to influence the suppliers and correspond with the customer preferences.

_________________________________________________________

We Can Write Custom Essays on Wal-Mart for You!

__________________________________________________________

Wal-Mart’s major weaknesses might include the problems of attracting and holding the labor force, lack of flexibility in following the popular trends, the limitation of the supply to the low-cost products, not the customer’s demand, inefficient store management and insufficiently considered growth plan.

If we analyze the Wal-Mart’s internal activities in terms of the primary and the support components, one would find that the Research and Development (R&D), Production (manufacturing), Marketing and Sales, Customer Service are rather a weakness that a strength. No, I do not claim they are a complete failure; they only do not really help the company compete with the rivals successfully and seeks improvement.

If we consider the Support activities (Company Infrastructure, Human Resources, and Materials Management), the situation is better, but still there are numerous problems on every level of performance. The employees are suffering from the Wal-Mart’s cost-cutting principles most. With the company’s domination on the market numerous smaller businesses have failed to compete. This lead to higher unemployment levels in the region. The number and the quality of jobs Wal-Mart provides do not really compensate the losses. The wages are also not impressive. With this practice in force and the continuing growth (of 6000 superstores in a couple of years), Wal-Mart is facing a serious threat of underemployment or a risk of the need to increase the compensation levels.

In fact, Wal-Mart is currently facing loads of lawsuits concerning various employment issues: from overworking and underpayment to sexual harassment and discrimination charges.

Wal-Mart is still successful, but it has begun to lose the market share because low-pricing is no longer enough. The customer that is able to pay more will look for more sophisticated, unique products, for better services and for more comfort along the shopping-time. Smaller retail businesses differentiate in a corresponding matter. And, what is more threatening, they begin to manage to reduce the prices for Wal-Mart’s strategy to look less impressive than years ago. The local communities also pose a threat to the success of Wal-Mart’s growth and development strategy. They often oppose the construction of the new superstores, creating legal barriers and public opinion mobs in the area and bringing additional expenses to the overall procedure. Moreover, they contribute to the overall negative public relations the company must have been already accustomed to in the course of decades.

The suppliers are also not very happy with Wal-Mart’s cost-cutting strategy: the company controls the supply chain and presses for the low prices, which almost automatically imply lower quality. Some manufacturers care for their name and image so much, they have to refuse to cooperate with the U.S. largest retailer in order to preserve the initial quality of the product. The suppliers are also not very happy with the Wal-Mart’s recent Asia-oriented supply chain – Chinese manufacturers are able to keep the costs impressively low and even the import burdens do not impede the joy of the deal. The antitrust committee watches closely any top-management activities of the enormous retail business leader. If an acquisition of any type takes place in the U.S., the company will face huge problems.

All the cases mentioned above add up to the complication of the company’s structure through the need to hire more lawyers, PR specialists and crisis managers, whose services are quite costly and threat the Wal-Mart’s cost-cutting strategy. The political environment also poses a threat to the success of the Wal-Mart businesses. Due to the political course of the U.S., the prices for fuel have rocketed. And that means Wal-Mart will have to deal with the increased costs for electricity of the superstores as well as the fuel for the company’s transportation and logistics system. And that automatically means the inability to keep the prices down (while the competitors somehow continue to manage and press for Wal-Mart’s existing level of prices). The competition itself is not too threatening to the Wal-Mart business, as long as it concentrates on the customers needs and continues to manage the best price offer and a worthy level of services.

The problem is nowadays some Wal-Mart stores compete with each other and there are neglected stores that lose the competition to their newer and better-managed chain twins.

Still, despite all the troubles and threats the company faces, it has certain impressive opportunities, including the amount to capital and facilities, with a proper approach to the management of these possessions, Wal-Mart could significantly improve the business models and the level of performance of these units. Concentration of the existing businesses, their improvement, is probably the greatest business opportunity for Wal-Mart nowadays.

Another step to improve performance is the well-thought product policy in terms of the customer’s demand, not solely basing on the low-price offer. Wal-Mart should certainly pay more attention to the stock line to avoid the unpopular offers like skinny-leg jeans or absence of products, or unsold consignments.

Another truly suggestive opportunity for Wal-Mart is going abroad, or rather going truly global. Certainly, such opportunity has certain threats, like the Wal-Mart case in Germany. Still, the success in Canada, Mexico and Britain shows there are significant business opportunities outside the U.S., and they will provide the continuing growth rate the stockholders are so striving for. Conquering foreign markets, especially Asian-Pacific ones will need careful consideration of the strategies and approaches, but the initiative would most probably be extremely rewarding.

__________________________________________________________

Warning!!! All free online essays, sample essays and essay examples on Wal-Mart topics are plagiarized and cannot be completely used in your school, college or university education.


If you need a custom essay, dissertation, thesis, term paper or research paper on your topic, EffectivePapers.com will write your papers from scratch. We work with experienced PhD and Master's freelance writers to help you with writing any academic papers in any subject! We guarantee each customer great quality and no plagiarism!
___________________________________________________________

Read More

The Things They Carried Essay

The Things They Carried is a collection of interconnected short story pieces which all together add up to dramatic force and tension of a novel. Yet, each one of the twenty-two short stories is filed with such emotional content, “and prosaic precision that it could stand on its own” (Harris, 8). The Things They Carried portrays the men of Alpha Company: Jimmy Cross, Henry Dobbins, Rat Kiley, Mitchell Sanders, Norman Bowker, Kiowa, and of course, Lieutenant Cross (Tim O'Brien himself) who has survived the war to become a writer. The young boys who over the course of couple of days became soldiers fight the enemy and occasionally each other. They do not know the art of war, they do not understand it, they go with the flow of their feeling and emotions. As it is written “On occasions the war was like Ping-Pong ball. You could put a fancy spin on it, you could make it dance" (O’Brien, pg.32).

__________________________________________________

We Can Write Custom Essays on The Things They Carried for You!

__________________________________________________________

One of the biggest disasters that the war brought for the young soldiers is isolation and loneliness. They miss their families, their girlfriends and friends. They miss the lives they left behind. At the same time, they are still kind fellows. They show their kindness for strangers, for example, in case of the old man who led them unharmed through the mine field. The also find love for each other, because in Vietnam each of them is the only family they have. In this amazing book we hear the voices of the members of the Alpha Company and build images based on their dialogue. The way they tell stories about others, helps us hear the stories they would like to tell about themselves. The stories soldiers tell bring the dead back to life. What is more important is that when telling stories about people one may feel like they are still alive. The soldiers in the book do this so that they do not have to think about the fact that their friends are in reality dead.

There are two main topics the book is dealing with that are the questions of bravery in war and the effect the war has on the soldiers. Lower I would like to present couple of the examples. In this book bravery is often interrelated with cowardice. The young men want to appear brave, but only because they are afraid of looking silly in front of their friends. The main character remembers about a situation that occurred in the grade school and where he was not brave enough to show that he is scared. He continues "I should've stepped in; fourth grade is no excuse. Besides, it doesn't get easier with time, and twelve years later, when Vietnam presented much harder choices, some practice at being brave might've helped" (O’Brien, pg.234). This quote shows that the young soldiers are not really brave, they are just confused about what bravery is. They went to war not because they supported it or wanted to show themselves in the field – they went because they were afraid not to. What they experience is a simple fear and shame.

In chapter six two young soldiers by names Strunk and Jensen think that life would not be worth living if they get injured. For them the death and disgrace would be to be crippled on in wheelchairs. Though, the course of the war is unpredictable and Strunk loses part of his leg. He is terrified, and realizes that primarily he wants to live, with two full legs or even one and a half. He realizes how childish he was, he understands that what he thought was brave is simply absurd, the main important thing is to live.

The effect the war has on a person is seen in the first chapter when before the reader appears a situation of a young solider dying and his fellow-fighters mourning for him. When Jimmy Cross understood that Ted Lavender was dead, and that he could have prevented it, his perception of life changed. Before, what he could think about was only his girlfriend Martha. He was a loving boyfriend before he was a soldier. Later he realized that the only thing that cannot be changed in this world is death. This occurrence made him apprehend his duties as a soldier and all what seemed important then became dull. In chapter three we see that the lack of a purpose sometimes drives the men crazy. The soldiers feel that there is no morality to what they are doing. Their wartime life seems eternal, boring, boring and frighteningly useless. In chapter five Dave Jensen becomes unable to tell what is right and what is wrong. He had been in the field for such a long time that he got confused with what/who he is fighting.

In chapter nine we realize how an innocent young girl Mary Anne Bell, who was only in Vietnam a few months, lost herself in the country. She became, as Rat Kiley described it, “an animal”. In the last chapter we see the most important effect a war has on a person. The war gives a person a new understanding of death. The protagonist of novel realizes that those who died in the war are not really dead, but they live in the memory and imagination.

Without a shadow of doubt, having read The Things They Carried we understand that we have not been fooled or lied to. Tim O’Brien is not afraid to put himself, the author, in the middle of the novel. He is not afraid to admit that he was also scared and confused (Vernon). This book is the greatest fiction and a searing touching autobiography. It is deep with symbolism and meaning and the human life, bravery, survival, and death.

__________________________________________________________

Warning!!! All free online essays, sample essays and essay examples on The Things They Carried topics are plagiarized and cannot be completely used in your school, college or university education.


If you need a custom essay, dissertation, thesis, term paper or research paper on your topic, EffectivePapers.com will write your papers from scratch. We work with experienced PhD and Master's freelance writers to help you with writing any academic papers in any subject! We guarantee each customer great quality and no plagiarism!
___________________________________________________________

Read More

Term Paper on Social Responsibility

What social responsibility should business leader take nowadays?

Social responsibility is property (feature) of personality’s character along with a sensitiveness, modesty, persistence, courage, generosity, pride etc. Personally responsibility is a character feature, acquired as a result of education and taking into account society moral norms. Social responsibility originates from implementation of official, domestic, civil, public and personal duties. It reflects personality’s inclination to conform in his conduct to the generally accepted social norms and his responsibility for the results of their execution. “Hippocratic Oath” can be the example of generally accepted social norms for doctors to patients. Social responsibility can be individual, group and public. It is indissolubly related to social initiatives realization with the framework the accepted social aims.

________________________________________________________

We Can Write Custom Term Papers on Social Responsibility!

__________________________________________________________

Social responsibility of leader is reflected in his decisions, formulating aims and their priorities, facilities and methods of decisions realization. It can be seen in the concrete matters of company and its leader, directed first of all on the help in creation of acceptable level life-support of the workers, their families and socially unscreened groups of population. This help can be realized in a direct or indirect way. In a direct kind this help can appear in form of free dinners; sales of commodities on the lowered prices; productions ecologically clean products; establishments quotas on the reception of unemployed persons, graduating students, invalids etc. The indirect ways can be consist in the eleemosynary payments, social initiatives support of other companies or state etc. In practice social responsibility very often is second in relation to company welfare in obedience to a motto: “At first succeeding and only then charity”.

It is possible to cite a lot of examples, when social care about workers, related to the certain costs, is generously repaid by the growth of profit and labor productivity. The prime example of this can be measures on the increase of daily rate of wages and shortening of shift duration on the Ford’s factories.

The efficient execution of all social responsibility orders as usual helps to the leader to gain the belief of people. It can begin the leader’s political career and all people who believe him are his potential voters. I think as future politician and social responsible person leader should follow several rules: honesty with his voters, law compliance and consider his rivals. Almost every day we see different political curious amusing incident and scandals in the political world. I think they are happened when people forget why they are there.

The integral part of each person life is family. As a rule its leader is a man. But if he leader in his work naturally he should be a leader in his family. He must take of it and show the example of decency, kindness and attention. Bad relationships in his family can influence on partners, competitors and society opinion. The public opinion is always important for the leader and his future career.

___________________________________________________________
Warning!!! All free sample term papers and college term paper examples on Social Responsibility topics are plagiarized and cannot be fully used in your high school, college or university education.


If you need a custom written term paper, research paper, essay, dissertation, thesis paper or any other homework on your topic, EffectivePapers.com will write your academic term papers from scratch. Starting at $12/page you can get 100% custom written papers online. We work with experienced PhD. and Master's freelance writers to help you with writing any papers in any discipline! High quality and 100% non-plagiarized term papers guaranteed!
___________________________________________________________

Read More

Research Paper on Globalization

The process of globalization has defined the development of the world economy during the last couple of decades. Basically, this process affects the world at the present moment as well and, what is more, the impact of globalization steadily grows stronger. At the same time, the impact of globalization is not limited by the economic sphere only. Nowadays, it is obvious that even though the process of globalization was stimulated by the growing economic cooperation between countries, at the present moment economic integration of countries contributes consistently to the political and cultural integration. As a result, countries start to form international alliances and unions, such as the EU, which overcome national borders. Moreover, the number of international organizations, such as WTO, that facilitates economic, political and cultural relations between countries is constantly growing.

On the other hand, the process of globalization produces a profound impact not only on the development of countries but it also affects the development of companies. One of the major characteristic of the process of globalization on the corporate level is the emergence of multinational corporations that play the leading role in practically all industries and nowadays they are viewed as leading powers in the world economy. At any rate, it proves beyond a doubt that it is multinational corporations that, to a significant extent, define the economic development of many regions, the implementation of technological innovations, scientific researches and progress at large.

__________________________________________________________

We Can Write Custom Research Papers on Globalization for You!

__________________________________________________________

Such a shift on the corporate level naturally affects the role of nation states, which also changes consistently. In fact, nowadays, it is possible to estimate that in the result of economic development, technological and scientific changes, new political trends, the world is entering a new stage of globalization, which effects cannot be predicted absolutely precisely, but still it is possible to forecast what the world should expect in the future under the impact of the new stage of globalization. In this respect, it is possible to refer to the book “The Next Global Stage” written by Kenichi Ohmae, in which the author attempts to forecast the future development of the world under the impact of major global trends that could be observed even nowadays.

On analyzing the future perspectives of the process of globalization and the world development, it is necessary to underline that the economic development will be determined by four major dimensions: communications, capital, corporations and consumers (Ohmae, 85). Basically, even nowadays it is possible to observe the shift to the growing role of these four dimensions that produce a significant impact on business decisions, while in the future their role may become determinant. In this respect, it should be pointed out that the development of communications is, to a significant extent, defined by the development of new technologies which provide larger opportunities for the development of communications. One of the major characteristics of the contemporary communications is the facilitation of the process of communication and elimination of geographical boundaries. What is meant here is the fact that the contemporary communications provide ample opportunities to maintain contacts between people in different parts of the world. In actuality, companies can use contemporary communications to develop links with their business partners or affiliates.

In the future, the role of communication will grow even more because the process of globalization has practically eliminated boundaries between countries. Therefore, companies got ample opportunities for the development of their business in different parts of the world but, in order to provide the effective work of its affiliates or maintain the permanent contacts with business partners. In practice, this means that communications are strategically important and may play the key role in the international market expansion of a company, for instance, because, being deprived of effective communications, a company will more likely be doomed to failure. Obviously, communications can provide a more effective system of control over the production process that is important for the maintenance of the high quality of products and services. For instance, companies based in well-developed countries can develop their business in developing countries where the qualification of the labor force is consistently lower. Consequently, such companies need to control the production process and communications are extremely helpful in this regard.

Moreover, it is obvious that knowledge and information are major factors that determine the commercial success of any company, especially companies focusing on the implementation of innovation. At this point, it is necessary to underline that communications contribute to the more effective sharing of knowledge and information between different units of a company. In actuality, it is possible to develop projects, involving specialists that live and work in different parts of the world and, due to the contemporary communications, they can interact effectively in spite of their geographical location.

Also, logistics is one of the key elements of the stable and effective functioning of contemporary companies and communications contributes consistently to the improvement of logistics, while in the future it will play even more important role. In this respect, it should be said that the development of e-commerce, for instance, makes the shipping and logistics practically impossible without the use of contemporary communications and in the future this trend will grow stronger.

The capital is traditional an important, constituent element of the contemporary business and, according to K. Ohmae, capital will be of a paramount importance in the process of business decision making in the future (131). In fact, the free movement of capital that could observed nowadays indicates to the perspective of the large progress of direct foreign investments, which increases the cooperation between countries and facilitate consistently the penetration of companies into foreign markets. Even though the effects of the free movement of capital in the form of investments may be quite controversial for local economies, the development of the future economy is hardly possible without it. On the one hand, significant investments of multinational corporations can undermine the position of local companies, but, on the other hand, they stimulate the development of the local economy through the partnership with the local suppliers, partners, etc. The major trend that could be observed in the movement of capital even nowadays is the growing cooperation between developed countries. Investments of companies based in the US, Europe and Japan constitute the dominant part of the global investments. In such a way, the capital tends to the internationalization and makes economic links between companies located in different countries stronger.

Similarly, the role of multinational corporations grows stronger too because in the contemporary world they play extremely important role and the major part of all foreign investments are made by multinational corporations. In the future, their role will remain very significant. At the same time, K. Ohmae warns about the necessity of the change of traditional approaches to business development used by companies (147). In fact, he does not give some direct recommendations concerning the most effective ways of the development of business in the future, or the most effective management strategies he still give insight into the future of the process of globalization that will inevitably effect the strategic development of companies.

In this respect, it is worth mentioning that the behavior of consumers will still be very significant and it should be taken into consideration by companies that are entering new markets. To put it more precisely, K. Ohmae indicates to the necessity of the adaptation of business strategies to the local, specific cultures (168). The process of globalization will increase the significance of the ability of the company to get adapted to the multicultural environment. In fact, companies will need to be able to work in different cultural contexts that means that they should be able to meet the needs and expectations of consumers that have quite different socio-cultural background, traditions, values, etc.

In fact, consumers play traditionally important role in the functioning of companies. This trend may be easily traced at the present moment as well as in the past. The substantial difference that companies should expect in the future is the mentioned above cultural diversity they should get ready to adapt to. In other words, they should develop flexible strategies of their business development in order to make their adaptation to local markets more effective and easier. At the same time, one of the major trends that will define the future economic and, in all probability, political development of the world is the decreasing role of nation states. In this respect, it should be said that K. Ohmae lays emphasis on the fact that the significance of nation states will steadily decrease, while regions will become determinant in the economic development of the world (207). What is meant here is the fact that, as K.Ohmae attempts to forecast the future development of the world economy, he reveals the trend to the regionalization. Basically, the nation state will be less important compared to certain regions, which may occupy either a part of a country or stretch out over the territory of several states. In this regard, the researcher draws the example of the contemporary China, which economy tends to regionalization even nowadays, to the extent that, in spite of the existence of the authoritarian political system, the country is able to develop its regions the economic power and potential of which varies dramatically. For instance, Dalian in China may be viewed as an example of one of such regions. On analyzing the future development of the world, K Ohmae indicates to several regions, which are particularly perspective to him, such as Hainan Island, the Baltic Corner, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in Russia, Sao Paolo in Brazil and some others (224).

Basically, he underlines that these regions will be particularly attractive for the economic development and may become major economic centers in the future. In fact, they may be compared to contemporary economically significant regions. The trend to regionalization will accompany the natural process of the decreasing of the significance of the nation states. Their traditional protectionist role will become weaker and absolutely irrelevant to the objective reality of the future globalized economy. If nowadays, nation states can form trading blocs, influence the economic development of the entire country, than in the future the role of regions will more likely to outweigh the significance of nation states and trading blocs. In actuality, there will be no need in the development of protectionist policy in terms of nation states because even nowadays fiscal barriers between countries disappear. In the situation when national economies are actually open and are not protected by any fiscal barriers, it will be quite logical that regions that are economically advanced or that have larger economic potential will develop faster than backwardness stricken regions. It is possible to name different factors that can influence economic development of regions, such as intellectual and educational potential, qualification and the cost of the regional labor force, natural resources, etc.

In such a situation, K. Ohmae argues that the proper geographical entity that should be taken into consideration in the process of business decision making is region, which, according to the author, should have at least ten million people and be a part of a country (226). Consequently, it is possible to forecast the emergence of new economic centers and the further development of the existing ones as economic centers in global terms which are open for all companies of the world and the global capital may be accumulated.

At the same time, the trend to the regionalization will make the role of nation states absolutely insignificant. In fact, the current integration of European nation states into the EU may be viewed as evidence of the decreasing role of states in the world politics and economy. In the future, the protectionist functions of the nation states will become absolutely irrelevant and, therefore, paradigms for making national political and economic policy will be obsolete. K. Ohmae argues that even nowadays national political and economic policy can hardly encompass solutions and money flows involving other countries.

Furthermore, the competitiveness that grows stronger in the contemporary world under the impact of the process of globalization will remain one of the central factors that will define the economic development at large and development of businesses of particular companies. Nowadays, it is possible to trace the link between globalization and growing competitiveness because companies, especially large multinational corporations got larger opportunities to enter new markets and develop new businesses. At the same time, the market expansion will be one of the main priorities in the economic development of companies because it can provide them with ample opportunities not only to enter new markets but rather to gain a larger share of the global market.

On the other hand, the future competitiveness will be, to a significant extent, defined by the development of more common platforms, which do not obligatory refer to economic sphere directly. In fact, K. Ohmae underlines that such platforms as Windows, Internet will become more and more significant and their global spread will enhance the competitiveness and make the position of companies more equal or competitive. At any rate, it can provide them with the same platform on the basis of which they could develop their businesses and it is their strategies and decisions that will define the extent to which the effectiveness of using these common platforms will be high.

Among other common platforms, it is possible to single out English. At first glance, language has little in common with the contemporary business, but in the future, English can become the universal platform, the natural basis of communication between people. In this respect, it is necessary to emphasize that the use of common language will contribute to the elimination of cultural barriers and, therefore, it will increase the communication and interaction between people and companies that will naturally contribute to the more effective market performance, increase productivity and effectiveness of work.

Finally, it should be said that K. Ohmae indicates to the significant impact of the changes, which are occurring and will occur in the borderless world in the result of the further development of the process of globalization, on political and economic leaders (294). He underlines that global changes will need the change in the traditional leadership style and political and economic leaders should take into consideration all the changes that could occur in the future and react respectively to the changing environment in order to take really effective decisions.

Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that K. Ohmae creates a noteworthy forecast of the future development of the world. To put it more precisely, he attempts to forecast how the process of globalization will affect the world and business. In fact, the changes suggested by the researcher are extremely significant and can change the traditional view on economic and political development of the world completely. Obviously, in the condition of the increasing integration, elimination of geographical boundaries, decreasing role of nation states and emergence of closer economic integration and cooperation, along with regionalization, the change in consumers’ behavior, needs and expectations, will inevitably lead to the change of management and leadership style in both politics and economy..
 __________________________________________________________

Warning!!! All free online research papers, research paper samples and example research papers on Globalization topics are plagiarized and cannot be fully used in your high school, college or university education.


If you need a custom research paper, research proposal, essay, dissertation, thesis paper or term paper on your topic, EffectivePapers.com will write your research papers from scratch. Starting at $12/page you can order custom written papers online. We work with experienced PhD. and Master's freelance writers to help you with writing any academic papers in any subject! High quality and 100% non-plagiarized papers guaranteed!

___________________________________________________________

Read More

Abnormal Psychology Research Paper

Introduction to Abnormal Psychology

Origins of Abnormal Psychology.

Deviation from type is as old as the human race and people always tried to explain and control abnormal behavior. There are three main conceptions of abnormal behavior: the supernatural, biological, and psychological (Barlow & Durand, 2004, p. 7).

Supernatural Conceptions

Popular conceptions of abnormal mental phenomena have always been strongly animistic, and also closely linked with religious doctrines. Four rather distinct stages in the supernatural conceptions may be traced, from earliest days down to the present, which we may designate the Demonological, the Satanic, and the Sinful epochs. They are all alike characterized by the notion of conflict between good and evil powers.

__________________________________________________________

We Can Write Custom Research Papers on Abnormal Psychology for You!

__________________________________________________________

The Demonological period reflects the animism of primitive thought, when abnormal behavior was explained as caused by the demons which possessed or inhabited the body of the individual. The Satanic period represents a later development, under the influence of Christian theology, where demons were condensed or crystallized into the one arch fiend, Satan, and many deviations were considered Satanic manifestations. The concept of Sinfulness, also resulting from theological notions, was based on the idea of alliance of the victim with the evil powers and the symptoms represented retribution at the hands of God.

Biological and Psychological Conception

Supernatural conception, though still popular among some people, nowadays is largely replaced in modern science by the biological and psychological conceptions, were biological reasons and faulty psychological development with social context cause disorders(Barlow & Durand, 2004, p. 26).

Evolvement of Abnormal Psychology as a Science

Early Materialistic Conceptions

A period from about 500 B.C. to 200 A.D. in European history was strongly influenced by doctrines attributed to Hippocrates, the “father of medicine”. Hippocrates asserted mental abnormality to be due to disease or injury of the brain. He therefore advocated physical therapy, as in other forms of “sickness” - diet, medication, etc. Hippocrates emphasized that a material basis for mental disorder was imbalance in “bodily fluids”: fire and water - two notions that have developed into neurology and endocrinology.

The “Dark Ages” and the Renaissance

During a “Dark Ages” and the Renaissance little was done in the field of abnormal psychology. Scientific efforts were scarce if at all existed as the animistic conception prevailed. The victims were often accused in being in league with the devil, or being Satan himself. The witchcraft persecutions were based on some such notion as this. Cure was to be either through the ministrations of priests, or by the aid of dungeons, cells, executions, and varied sorts of exorcism, while “scientific” work regarding mental deviation lied primarily in the field of theology.

The Anatomy Movement and the Reformation

The 18th century was characterized by a remarkable increase of interest and knowledge and by definite reforms in the attitude toward mental abnormality. Medicine received a new impulse and sought to imitate Linnaeus in facility and completeness of classification. Instead of the few old terms, such as paranoia, insania, melancholia and mania, used for almost any sort of mental deviation except perhaps imbecility, long lists of forms and varieties and symptoms were introduced, and a great variety of nomenclature.

There also developed a tendency to pay more attention to the complete life history of the patient, and to portray the complete "course" of a condition rather than isolated episodes or momentary symptoms. There were also notable developments in the methods of handling and treating the mentally disordered, whose care now shifted more definitely from the ecclesiastic authorities to medical men.

Contemporary views of Abnormal Psychology

Biological Model

The basis for biological explanations of mental abnormalities is that behavior and mood are regulated by nervous system and, in case of its disruption, inappropriate perception, mood and behavior may occur (Bennet, 2003, p.62).

Such disruptions may have number of reasons, which fall in one of three categories: structural (e.g. trauma, infection), biochemical (e.g. hormone imbalance, medication) and genetic (e.g. Down’s syndrome).

Psychosocial and Socio-cultural Model

While biological model may explain nearly any type of disorder and provide corresponding treatment, it does not take into account that disorders may result from psychosocial factors.

Psychosocial model deals with the unique internal processes that occur within the individual with regards to her social interaction and in many cases mental disorders may be caused by psychosocial and socio-cultural factors, such as: place of inhabitation (rural/urban), gender, minority status, etc.

For example, results of British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (Jenkins, 1998), which included diagnostic interviews on 10,000 people, revealed, among others, increased rates of neurotic disorders among people living in urban dwellings, unemployed, and separated, divorced or widowed individuals.

None of these models can be viewed as exhaustive and in many cases both of them should be applied in order to determine reasons of mental disorders and develop treatment. __________________________________________________________

Warning!!! All free online research papers, research paper samples and example research papers on Abnormal Psychology topics are plagiarized and cannot be fully used in your high school, college or university education.


If you need a custom research paper, research proposal, essay, dissertation, thesis paper or term paper on your topic, EffectivePapers.com will write your research papers from scratch. Starting at $12/page you can order custom written papers online. We work with experienced PhD. and Master's freelance writers to help you with writing any academic papers in any subject! High quality and 100% non-plagiarized papers guaranteed!

___________________________________________________________

Read More

History of Theater Essay

Introduction

The development of theatre in the 20th century was accompanied by numerous experiments in this field of art. At the same time, changes that occur in the 20th century theatre reflected more profound changes in Western society that took place during the period. It is an undeniable fact that theatre vividly reacts on the changes in the socio-cultural environment that cannot fail to affect the creative work of artists, directors, play writers, as well as the perception of theatre by the audience. it should be pointed out that the development of theatre in the 20th century was dramatically influenced by such tragic events as World Wars, which, to a significant extent, define the consciousness of several generations of artists as well as they changed the attitude of the public to life at large and theatre in particular.

Probably, the theatre has never been influenced so significantly by the surrounding socio-cultural changes before the 20th century. At the same time, it was the epoch when artists attempted to find new ways of self-expression and conveying their ideas to the audience that also affected consistently the development of theatre. On the other hand, all the experiments made the 20th century theatre extremely rich and diverse and different movements that have emerged during the century were often opposing and contradicting to each other. Actually, this diversity of styles, movements and ideas has created the basis for the future development of theatre, which is based on the postmodernist trends.

_________________________________________________________

We Can Write Custom Essays on History of Theater for You!

__________________________________________________________

1900 – Pre-World War I theatre The beginning of the 20th century was characterized by the growing social tension and antagonism between different layers of society. In fact, it was the period when the Western society faced a serious problem of the growing gap between rich and poor, which grew wider and deteriorated the socio-economic situation in countries. At the same time, it was the period when socialist and egalitarian ideas became particularly popular. The idealistic and romantic ideas of the previous epoch were practically totally replaced by the ideas of realism, which originated from the 19th century and was closely intertwined with the development of naturalism. The early 20th century was characterized by the increasing role of realism in the theatrical development as well as in the development of art at large.

At the same time, it was the period of experiments when the art and theatre were dramatically affected by modernist trends. Basically, such a development of theatre was determined by the socio-cultural background that characterized the epoch. To put it more precisely, the early 20th century was the epoch of the rapid economic progress. However, the socio-economic development was based on the imperialistic ambitions of leading countries which attempted to establish their control all over the world. In such a situation, the world became the arena of the struggle of the leading nations for the supremacy. On the other hand, such political and economic struggle was based on the rapid industrialization of the leading countries and the formation of the local economic elite which concentrated the national wealth in hands of few individuals while large masses of people were doomed to live in poverty. In such a situation, it is quite natural that socialist ideas that had been developed and actively promoted since the middle of the 19th century grew more and more popular. The attitude of ordinary people to the surrounding world and life at large had started to change. The attitude of people to the surrounding reality became more pragmatic and materialistic.

Naturally, the theatre could not remain aside from the general trends that were the characteristic of the epoch. In fact, artists had started their experiments targeting at the change of the traditional attitude to performance. To put it more precisely, many artists working at the end of the 19th c – beginning of the 20th c. rejected traditional approaches to play writing and performance. The fancied plots, distanced from the real life, were replaced by highly realistic works which often reflected the profound drama of the life of ordinary people. Obviously, the realistic trend in the development of the 20th century theatre originates from works of 19th century artists, such as Henrik Ibsen and his famous “A Doll’s House”, which perfectly reflects the drama of a woman discriminated by norms and standards of the society at the epoch.

However, the beginning of the 20th century was characterized by the emergence of realism as a very strong movement in theatre. In this respect, it is possible to refer to the work of Konstantin Stanislavski who is considered to be the founder of the realist movement and who developed the unique realistic style and methodology of actors’ work. His ideas and recommendations became extremely popular not only in Russia but also in many Western countries and, what is more, his concept of realism became the basis for the development of realist movement in Western theatre in the 20th century. Among the most prominent Western artists of that epoch may be named Eugene O’Neill, whose work just began at the early 20th century. In fact, it is during 1910s the play writer made his first efforts in playwriting. It is worthy of mention that like many other realists he was significantly influenced by socialist ideas and was considered to be leftie. At the same time, he brought in more realism in the American theatre of the early 20th century, though he gained the public recognition only in the 1920s.

Theatre between World Wars

The 1920s and 1930s may be considered the most dramatic period in the development of the 20th century theatre. It should be said that it was the epoch of the emergence of new movements and the trend to experiments had started to become particularly strong at that epoch. In order to understand the significance of the experiments and implications in the development of the 20th century, it is necessary to briefly dwell upon the historical context of the epoch because the development of theatre between World Wars was, to a significant extent, determined by the major socio-cultural, political and economic trends of the epoch.

It should be said that the post-World War I epoch was the period of the profound economic crisis. In spite of the short period of the economic recovery, which was observed in countries that had won the war, the economic situation had started to deteriorate dramatically aggravating social antagonism and conflicts within Western societies. To put it more precisely, the economic development of Western countries was characterized by the formation of the privileged upper class which concentrated the main part of the national wealth in its hand, while the position of lower classes was extremely oppressed. In fact, it was the period when social contradictions practically reached its apogee and many Western countries, such as Germany or France were vulnerable to revolutions and serious social conflicts. The situation in the US, for instance, was also very difficult, especially in the period of the Great Depression, which affected the development of the country in the late 1920s – early 1930s.

In such a situation, it is quite natural that the further development of the realist movement in theatre was amply nourished by the serious social conflicts and problems, which affected all layers of Western society. This is probably why the works of realists became particularly popular in this period. As a result, this period became particularly prolific in the work of the prominent American play writer of the epoch Eugene O’Neill. In fact, during 1920s he created his major works, among which it is possible to name his full length plays, such as “Beyond the Horizon” (1920), which won the Pulitzer Prize, “The Emperor Jones” (1920), “Anna Christie” (1922), for which the author got another Pulitzer Prize, “The Fountain” (1923), “Desire under the Elms” (1925), “The Great God Brown” (1926), “Strange Interlude” (1928), which also won the Pulitzer Prize, “Days Without End” (1933), and many others. Obviously, E. O’Neill’s work during the period was very impressing and three Pulitzer Prizes, which the author won within less than a decade was the symbol of the recognition of his talent and his contribution in the development of theatre. His works were extremely realistic and were characterized by the introduction of innovations. For instance, his plays were among the first to include speeches in American vernacular (Kernodle, 178). His characters are really unique but, at the same time, they seem to be taken from the real life, though they mainly represent the marginal or extreme classes of society. His characters are engaged in depraved behaviour and often attempt to struggle to maintain their hopes and expectations but, as a rule, they are disillusioned and desperate by the end of the plays, which are full of pessimism and personal tragedy.

However, realism was not the only movement that influenced the development of theatre at the epoch. In fact, the 1920s and the 1930s became the period of significant experiments. In this respect, it is possible to remind works of Antonin Artaud who is considered to be the founder of the Cruelty theatre. It is possible to estimate that the development of the Cruelty theatre was the result of World War I, which made human life absolutely insignificant. Numerous deaths and injuries made people less sensitive to the tragedy of war since death and sufferings of people became a norm, while human life became totally devaluated. Antonin Artaud believed that the theatre should affect the audience as much as possible and the major goal of an artist was to evoke strong feelings and emotions of the audience. In his works he attempted to use violence and physical determination to shatter the false reality (Arnold, 114). He developed a unique language, which he believed could be an effective means of communication between an artist and the audience due to the unique combination of gesture and thought A. Artaud used to convey his ideas to the audience. To meet his goals, A. Artaud amply used strange and disturbing forms of sound, lighting and performance.

In this period of time, Bertolt Brecht had started his creative work and he made a significant contribution in the development of the Epic theatre which was basically the characteristic of the mid-20th century. In fact, he started his works in the late 1910s – early 1920s but it is by the late 1930s his unique style was really shaped. At the same time, it is important to underline that the Epic theatre was, to a significant extent, influenced by the realist movement. However, unlike realist artists, Bertolt Brecht for instance attempted to go further than the plain depiction of the reality. In actuality, the major goal of the Epic theatre was to present ideas and invited the audience to make judgments on them. At the same time, Bertolt Brecht as a representative of Epic theatre attempted to distance from realist and in his plays it was important for the audience to remember that it was watching a play. His characters do not represent real people but rather reflect stereotypes or archetypes, representing opposing sides, conveying ideas, while the audience should make the judgement in regard to these ideas. Bertolt Brecht viewed the major function of theatre as education, i.e. according to Brecht theatre should educate people and this is why he attempted to make people make their own judgments but not simply perceive the ideas of the artist (Wilson, 163).

Theatre after World War II

After the end of World War II the trends to the growing contact between the artist and the audience became stronger. In the mid-20th century Bertolt Brecht continued his work and the 1930s and the 1940s were the most prolific years in his creative work. In this period of time he creates numerous works, including “How Much is Your Iron?” (1939), “The Duchess of Malfi” (1943), “Antogone” (1947), “The Tutor” (1950) and many others. Basically, he continued the development of his concept of the Epic theatre.

At the same time, the Post-World War II period was characterized by the growing protest against the existing rigid norms and traditions that could not fail to affect the development of theatre. In fact, the 1950s - 1960s were characterized by the emergence of the new generation of artists and new trends in art. In fact, it was the period when artists started to experiment in attempt to distance from realism and attempt to refer to the psychological and emotional sphere. Basically, such a trend was influenced by the general socio-cultural change that took place in society because traditional ideas and norms were out of date and rebellious character of the 1950s -1960s affected practically all spheres of human life, including theatre.

In such a situation, the Avant-guard and Absurd theatre started to progress. In this respect, it is necessary to name Samuel Beckett, who was one of the most prominent artists developing avant-guardist and absurdist movement in theatre. Among his most famous works is “Waiting for Godot” (1953), in which the author had achieved “theatrical impossibility – a play in which nothing happens, that yet keeps the audience glued to their seats” (Brockett and Findlay, 251). In fact, it was characteristic of the Avant-guard and Absurd theatre and this trend could be traced in other works of Samuel Beckett, such as “Happy Days” (1960), “Not I” (1972), “That Time” (1975), and others.

At the same time, the political tension of the second half of the 20th century also produced a substantial impact on theatre. The Cold War and the opposition between the US and the USSR contributed to the development of the Political theatre. Harold Pinter is considered to be the founder of this trend and many of his works created in the mid-1980s are overtly political plays (Arnold, 203). In such a way, the artist attempted to express his political views and engage the audience by means of theatre.

Postmodernist theatre

The late 20th century and the present epoch are characterised by the emergence of postmodernism, which is one of the dominant trends in the contemporary theatre. In fact, it was the result of the rapid changes of the contemporary life which grows more and more complicated while the introduction of new technologies make the life of contemporary people consistently different from the life of previous generations, eliminating barriers not only between different cultures but also between artists and the audience. As a result, contemporary artists had started to involve the audience in the performance and by the late 20th century, the audience became an essential part and a participant in the theatrical performance. The contemporary artists such as Tony Kushner attempt to involve the audience in the performance, appeal to the audience stimulating its participation in the play.

Conclusion: future of theatre

Obviously, postmodernist trends will grow stronger in the future and, in all probability, the frontier between the audience and artists will practically disappear. Even nowadays, it is possible to name such works as “Tony N’ Tina’s Wedding” which implies the participation of the audience, while the further development of technologies will stimulate the interaction between artists and the audience. This is why it is possible to presuppose that future plays and performance would be a kind of collective work of artists and the audience in which both the artist and the audience interact and create.

__________________________________________________________

Warning!!! All free online essays, sample essays and essay examples on History of Theater topics are plagiarized and cannot be completely used in your school, college or university education.


If you need a custom essay, dissertation, thesis, term paper or research paper on your topic, EffectivePapers.com will write your papers from scratch. We work with experienced PhD and Master's freelance writers to help you with writing any academic papers in any subject! We guarantee each customer great quality and no plagiarism!
___________________________________________________________

Read More