Research Paper on Salvador Dali

What you get out of a surrealist work of art is entirely up to you? So where does Dali come in? Well, one look at his paintings and drawings would be enough to tell you that things are not all they seem.

For example, Dali is famous for the dripping clocks. I believe that this symbolizes the transient quality of life. If you wait too long, it drips through your fingers. Surrealist works are always up for debate as to the symbolism of the objects portrayed because the viewer's personal experiences will affect their perspective. An object in the work may remind them of an incident that has certain emotions connoted to it. Therefore, they associate that object with those emotions. Surrealism depends on the individual viewer for interpretation because every person will come away with something different.

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If someone does not step out of their literal minds to view the work of art, the surrealism and resulting symbolisms and connotations will be lost on them. They will only be confused and unsettled after viewing the work of art. It is not that they will not understand as much as they will not let themselves experience. Usually, these types of people are the types who think that Thomas Kinkade is the only real art. For them, beauty comes only in one form and they cannot see otherwise.

There are two things to watch out for when viewing surrealist art (or any art, for that matter). The first is over-enthusiasm. This is when you believe that you are really seeing the work in all its subtexts and instead of being contemplative about what they mean, you want to see more works to see if you can do the same thing. Instead of a realization of the human condition and interpretation of life, viewing art becomes a game. It becomes a matter of showing off that you understand rather than actually trying to expand your perspective and truly gain understanding.

The second thing to be wary of is stereotyping. This is when you believe that surrealism comes in only one form. This is hurtful to the view of art because limiting what you perceive to be surrealist affects the way you see any other work of art. If you insist on looking at a work as a literal piece rather than surrealist, no matter how mundane it may seem, you cannot possibly come away with all that the work has to offer its viewers. Remember what was said earlier, perspective is what really affects a work of art and how any one person will interpret it. So, also, the definition of surrealism is fluid, changing according to the viewer and his or her personality. The key thing to remember about surrealism is that it is supposed to defy rules; therefore, any rules set on it can only hurt the viewer.
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Essay on Family

When one thinks of family, the first meaning that comes to the mind is: "Family is a group of people that consists of parents, children and their relatives." Of course, every person defines family differently. However, the difference is only in the words used, but the core significance remains the same. In my opinion, family is the most important thing that one has in life, because it influences children who are the future of the world, it is the only thing one can rely on, and it is what consists society.

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Beforehand, let's try to define the word "family". According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, family comes from the Latin word familia. In the meaning of household, it indicates a group of individuals living under one roof and under one head. It is the same definition as the Roman one where "everyone in household: legitimate children, adopted adults, secretaries and other dependants, slaves of various ages," are members of familia. Nowadays, family consists of only people who are of common ancestry: either parents or relatives.

First, the fact that the family plays a huge role in one's life by influencing children gives the family a vital importance. Because children are the future, whatever the family inculcates in them could be crucial."How can we best ensure that children will grow up into a successful adulthood?" By inculcating good morals, principles, and values in children, the family is building a future that is optimistic, bright and full of hope. How can one imagine a world where children have no morals, principles, or values? It would be wrong, wicked, and revolting.

Second, being able to rely on one's family is another reason why the family is very important. The first person one turns to in trouble, pain or even joy and happiness is the family. Whatever the problem is, parents are always there for their children. People feel safe within their families where they find love, care and understanding. One would never be betrayed by his family, no matter what his social status is. Whether a person is rich or poor, sick or healthy, happy or miserable, his family will never give up on him.

Third, the fact that the family is the pillar of the society gives it an even bigger value. This means that having a good society depends completely on how strong the families are. If the family is stable and healthy, then the society is stable and healthy. For instance, having a family that has such important values as tolerance and understanding results in having a tolerant and understanding society as an outcome. But if on the other hand the family tells children that lying is an OK matter to do, it would result in telling the whole society it is so. Of course, if one can lie then he can steal, and if one can steal then he can kill. Therefore, if the family is sick and unhealthy, the whole society is sick and unhealthy.

To sum up, I believe that everything turns around the family. The family here could be the parents and relatives as well as the friends and environment. It would be hard to imagine one's life without a family, because it is what builds our future, what we can count on, and it is the essence of the society.

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Research Paper on Jane Austen

In Jane Austen's novels, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma she describes how a women's fate is largely dependent on social status. Austen had a keen sense of observation and was able to describe, throughout all three of these works, the lives of upper class women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. She was able to show in these stories how intricately entwined a woman's life was with the social circle and society's views on a women's proper place.

In the late Eighteenth century a women's choices were dependent upon her social status. A women of middle to upper class had very limited choices as far as employment and marriage. Austen was able to accurately detail all of the important aspects of a woman's life in English society at the time, because she lived it. Austen was born into an upper middle class family, the daughter of a country clergyman and as such knew the life she described so vividly in her novels. Austen had a limited school education, but was later educated at home by reading on her own and being read to in the leisurely evening hours by her father. This was also true of many women in Austen's time. Education was limited to women of the time and even when they were educated, it was only so that they would become accomplished, meaning that they had learned the arts of music, literature and modern foreign languages, and there become more valuable as a wife. The irony was that while many women spent a great deal of time practicing these arts while they were single, most often they gave them up after they were married. This was illustrated in Emma where the new Mrs. Elton talks about how she hoped that she would not lose her musical skills as had many of the women she knew who had married.

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The women of the upper class were also not only restricted by educational means, but also by the societal view on what a woman was capable of doing. The women of the upper class were not able to work, as that was seen as not suitable for a women of such social standing, and in the cases where they did have to find employment it was only as a governess, which was usually a live in teacher for wealthy children, or as a lady companion. These jobs were often not pleasurable and the women that did have to take them were not treated as equals. The society would not allow women to become a career professional, such as a doctor or lawyer, so they were not even allowed to attend schools where they could be trained as such. Because of this, the only opportunity a woman had to increase her wealth or social standing was by marrying well. This made marriage much more than just a love relationship, but more of a business partnership as well. Although arranged marriages were not the norm by the eighteenth century except in cases of large fortunes that need to be merged or the likes, the family still had to make the final decision as to the suitability of the husband.

Money played in integral role in all of the novels, because the main purpose of an upper class young woman's life in the eighteenth century was to find an eligible husband. Austen's novels describe how important money was for these women. Money is at the forefront of all of the issues in Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, especially so in Sense and Sensibility because at the beginning of the book, the reader witnesses the passing of the elder Mr. Dashwood and his inability to leave more than a small inheritance to his second wife and three daughters. This poses two problems for the young female Dashwoods. First, they would be required to live on the good grace of a male relative. At the time, it was not socially acceptable for a young woman to live alone, so she would have to live with her family until she married. Since all three of the girls were unmarried, they would be staying with their mother, who, because of the nature of the inheritance laws in England at the time, would not have been able to retain the property or the home. This would leave them to seek shelter with a relative. The passing of their father also left them with very little money to live on each year, so the lifestyle with which they had become accustomed to would not continue unless they were able to marry well. The second problem was that the three Miss Dashwood's would have had little or no dowry with which to entice a suitable husband. This is also an integral part of the beginning of the story of Sense and Sensibility. The reader learns that part of the reason the father is unable to leave his second family much of an inheritance is because much of the money he had was from the dowry received from his first wife. Being as such, the money which would have already gone to a male relative, was much more so, because the young Mr. Dashwood is the first wife's son. The dowry situation causes even more problems for the young Miss Dashwood's because they now have to depend on other means to entice a husband. It is much easier to understand Elinor's firm beliefs in self-control and proper social decorum given these circumstances. She understood that it is now by means of her ability to refrain from emotional outburst and selfishness that she may still be able to marry someone of adequate means to support her.

Women in society were taught to keep their opinions under wraps in order to be seen as amiable to others in society. In the late eighteenth century there were many books written and published on manners and social grace and the women of society took these ideals very seriously. They knew that is was seen by others as a flaw to be too emotional or too opinionated. The keeping of personal opinions was tolerated by most, while the women were young and single, but once a women wanted to marry she understood that society expected her to keep those same opinions to herself. Emma is an example of this. She is young and often frivolous and is indulged by her father because she cares for him, so she is able to speak her mind and have some amount of free will. Emma also manages to put herself in other peoples business and interfere, but it is seen as somewhat entertaining because she has yet the responsibilities of a family and children. But once a woman was to marry, she would no longer have the frivolity of single youth and would have been expected to by society to carry herself with grace, decorum, and self-control.

In Sense and Sensibility, we also see examples of how self-control is an issue in society. Marianne does not believe in tempering her emotions, and because of that does not try to keep her feeling for Willoughby a secret. The two believe that the people who keep everything hidden are the ones who are full of folly. Marianne is the opposite of her composed, controlled sister Elinor. Elinor is the one in the family who is rational and thoughtful. She knows what is expected of her by the social restrictritions placed upon her and willingly follows these rules. It is usually to her favor that she acts in such a manner. She is able to remain levelheaded and steer the family in the proper direction after her father passed away, and because of her amiable disposition she is befriended by many. It is because of her quiet reserved nature that Edward was initially interested in her and this proves to be one of the main similarities between them. They both want to do what is seen in society as being "right".

Love is also another key concept in these three novels, but also love with strings attached, as in love in concordance with security. There is a modern saying "it is just as easy to fall in love with a rich man as it is a poor man", and in upper class Eighteenth century England, even more so. It was in the best interests of everyone in the family for a daughter to marry a wealthy man. In Pride and Prejudice even more so, because of the impending inheritance of the Bennet estate by the rightful heir, the cousin, Rev. Collins. In the novel, Mrs. Bennet spends all of her time planning and concocting ways for her daughters to meet available suitors. And although at first her actions seem frivolous and selfish, it is easier to understand that her desperation in finding suitable husbands for all of her five daughters in not unconfounded. Given the limited resources, as far as eligible bachelors in the immediate vicinity, it becomes quite clear that Mrs. Bennet is a woman with a very real purpose. She is often brash and an embarrassment to her family, but in reality it was a necessary evil. Given these circumstances it is also clear why Mrs. Bennet is so upset by the refusal of the marriage proposal by Rev. Collins to Elizabeth. First, Mrs. Bennet thought that she had made matches for two of the five daughters by having Elizabeth betrothed to Rev. Collins and Jane nearly so to Mr. Bingley. And second, with Elizabeth's marriage to Rev. Collins, the estate would remain in the family and Mrs. Bennet would be able to remain in her home.

There is also a matchmaker or two in each of the three novels. In Pride and Prejudice is of course the scheming Mrs. Bennet, in Emma is Emma herself, and in Sense and Sensibility the most prominent matchmaker is the entertaining Mrs. Jennings. Mrs. Bennet's reasons for matchmaking are quite clear. It is a necessity that her daughters marry, because there is no male heir in the family to retain the property. Although Mrs. Bennet is indeed quite ignorant of many things, she realizes that it is her responsibility to make sure that her daughters will be well cared for after the death of their beloved father. Also, of course Mrs. Bennet has her own selfish motives involved in the matchmaking, because it is also her future that is dependent on the marriage success of her daughters, but it is clear that Mrs. Bennet does care about her children and only wishes the best for them. In Emma, Emma's matchmaking seems to come out of want instead of necessity. Emma is a young woman who should be worried about her own marriage and future, but she is more interested in making suitable matches for her friends, most notably the illegitimate Harriet. She takes Harriet on as a project and tries to introduce her into society and have her marry a clergyman, which only comes to disastrous results. Emma is really the only character in each of the three novels that goes against the societal views of marriage to someone of equal social standing. She is set on marry Harriet to a man of social class even though Harriet's decent is unknown. Emma convinces herself and tries to convince others that Harriet could have indeed come from some upper classed people even though she has no proof to back up her theory. All of the other matchmakers try to keep within the normal social realm of marrying within the same social class, even though they are always trying to find the richest bachelor, they do not push themselves into a class above, which they belong.

Most often, the matchmakers of the time were already married women who took it upon themselves to see that a proper suitor was found for unmarried friends or relatives. This was the socially accepted standard for introduction into society. In Pride and Prejudice we see Mrs. Jennings playing the role of matchmaker to Elinor and Marianne when she takes the two of them along with her to London for a visit. While there, the two girls accompany her to dances and social gatherings with other people of society in order to be introduced to eligible bachelors. This was the life of an unmarried society young lady, going to balls and dances, meeting at other peoples houses for games and cards, and strolling through town in search of a mate.

Even though the women in Jane Austen's upper class social circle did not have to spend their time doing the daily chores of everyday life such as cooking and cleaning, they did not have the freedom to chose a different path for their life. It was either a life of marriage and children, where the woman was expected to act and think in a certain fashion, or the woman could remain unmarried as in Jane Austen's case, but then she would be at the mercy of her male relatives in relation to living quarters and monetary income. The choices for these women were so limited that it seems it may have been more appealing to have been poor just so that the constrains of society placed upon a woman were not as confining. The reader does not get a clear picture of what life was like for the servants or working women of the time, because Jane Austen does not focus on those characters at all in her novels. She remains in the realm of the upper class, and it is of their life only that we get insight into. It is also worth noting that Austen does not speak of the class above the landed gentry, that being the nobles. It would have been improper for the classes to have being mingling and so because of that, she does not mention them since the characters in the novels would have really had no contact with people of that social stature.

What is most remarkable is that though Jane Austen had such a limited area of travel and exposure, she was able to capture the entire spectrum of human emotion. Just by observing those around her, she was able to tap into the desires, aspirations, and fears of almost every human being. She not only wrote about the ordinary details of upper class English daily life, but about the complexities of the human experience. Her characters have deep emotions that although not always show to us, by virtue of the English demeanor and reserve, it its brought to the reader's attention by the interplay between characters. An example of this would be in Sense and Sensibility between the tow eldest sisters Elinor and Marianne. Marianne is unabashed in the revelry of emotion, but most of what we can learn from her is not by what she says, but by what she refrains from saying, which for the most part is very little. In comparison, Elinor believes in sense over sensibility and refrains from outward outburst of emotion, but we still come to understand the wants and needs of Elinor by knowing that she too feels the way that Marianne feels, but refrains from saying so or acting on her emotions. It is by her refraining from public displays of emotions that she is able to keep her dignity in regards to Edward when she finds out that he is engaged to Lucy Steele and then of Edward's decision to stay true to his word and marry Lucy even though he is to be disinherited. Luckily for Edward, Lucy decided to not hold him to his promise made in youth and he was eventually free to choose another mate, which he found in Elinor.

Jane Austen's novels, Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Emma capture the daily lives of these upper class English people with such rich depth that the reader does not even seem to notice the absence of any other issues outside the daily lives of the country gentry. It is worth noting that during the time Jane wrote at least the first novel, Sense and Sensibility, England was still in the midst of recovering from the revolutionary war with America, and then later Europe was beginning to feel the power of France's Napoleon. But, Austen's characters do not even hint at what is happening outside of the immediate details of their lives. It is enough for her to document the daily trials and tribulations of these characters, to give the reader insight into what was going on underneath the character fade. We, the reader get such an intimate portrait of what the people, most especially the women of the time, were going through by the way that Austen recounts the actions of the characters in her novels.

Austen's novels are timeless and classic although set in a very specific and narrow time period. She is able to capture each daily detail with such spirit and delicacy that the daily life of the upper class English people is enough. She was quoted as saying "three or four families in a country village is the very thing to work upon" and in my opinion, she was exactly right. (Austen, back cover.)
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Research Paper on King Lear

George Orwell comments, " King Lear is a poor play, as a play. It is too drawn out and has too many characters and sub plots. One Wicked daughter would have been quite enough and the play would be better if Gloucester and both his sons were eliminated." I don't agree with this conclusion. In King Lear Shakespeare makes a commitment to question why, rather than who and what. He delves into the psyche of human beings, brings dimension to their minds and provides method to their madness. In doing this he poses philosophical questions surrounding the concept of justice and redemption. By quick summation, and plot and character analysis, I will seek to elaborate on these statements and dismantle Orwell's criticism of King Lear's double plot and various characters.

King Lear involves a plot and a subplot. It is the only Shakespeare work to have a subplot in addition to the main story. The characters in the plot include: King Lear, Goneril, Regan, Cordelia, Earl of Kent, Fool, Albany, King of France, Cornwall, and Oswald. Earl of Gloucester, Edgar or Poor Tom, and Edmund play out the subplot.

King Lear is the King of Britain who is betrayed by his two daughters Goneril and Regan. Cordelia, his youngest daughter, is an icon of truth and sincerity. She refuses to flatter her father and is banished because of it. Fool is a loyal member of the King's court and seeks to inform and protect his King. Albany is Goneril's husband and Cornwall is Reagan's husband.

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Earl of Gloucester is Lear's good friend, who like Lear cannot see which child is good and which seeks to betray him. Edgar is Gloucester's eldest and legitimate son. Edmund is Gloucester's youngest and illegitimate son.

In Act 1 Scene 1 the primary and secondary plot is established. The audience learns that King Lear must divide his Kingdom among his three daughters. The audience also learns that Gloucester has two sons, an older legitimate heir and a younger illegitimate son. However, Gloucester loves both sons equally. This information constructs the framing of the subplot. Lear states in a public ceremony that he has divided his kingdom into three parts and he would distribute them according to their declarations of love. Goneril and Regan both proclaim limitless, undying love and devotion while Cordelia offers an earthly honest answer. Lear interprets Cordelia's honesty as rejection and banishes her. He splits the Kingdom between Goneril and Regan who immediately begin plotting against their father. Lear banishes Kent for asking him to reconsider and the Duke withdraws his offer of marriage to Cordelia, The King of France announces his intent to marry Cordelia.

George Orwell's criticism of King Lear seems to be a hastily drawn conclusion. In the following pages I will seek to deconstruct this statement by proving the relevance of the plot and subplot, the importance of characters and the meaning of the play.

Shakespeare utilizes a double plot to point out contextual and human issues. He appeals to his Elizabethian audience by relating on both political and familial levels. King Lear is one of the only plays that employ the double plot literary device. However, The apparent chaos and complexity of his parallel plots seems to mirror the times. In the period which Shakespeare was writing King Lear, England had endured years of civil war, and political and religious turmoil; acquainting the English all too well with the perils of family betrayal and divided society. The two plots are intimately intertwined; they validate and support each other. The two plots provide insight into the human psyche and establish a duality in human nature. In the first plot we see the example of Goneril and Regan who are given a Kingdom by their loyal father. In absolute narcissism they abandon any moral law and take a code of ethics that only references greed and ultimate power. They symbolize the majority. Orwell argues only one wicked daughter is enough however by creating a majority Shakespeare gives strength to his ultimate statement of human nature. The older sisters represent human's who live absent of a moral or natural law while Cordelia adheres to a higher law. This could be interpreted as religious teachings but also as the philosophical teachings of Plato and Aristotle. Cordelia in her honesty and sincerity represents the minority.

In the subplot involving the two sons we see a more profound statement of social institutions rather than purely familial relations. Even though Gloucester treats his sons fairly and equally, Elizabethian society does not regard them equally. Edmund fears that the laws of primogeniture, which name the eldest son heir to his father's possessions, will leave him shorthanded. The same dichotomies of good versus bad appear to manifest itself in Edmund and Edgar.

Additionally, in both plot and subplot the father seems to be senseless and blind to the children they reared.

The use of many characters is to draw a spectrum of good and evil instead of the classic "black and white" interpretation. We see all kinds of good, all types of bad and the in between. The characters Shakespeare chooses are more thought out than in other works. The villains are rational villains, and the characters are less symbolic and more multi-dimensional, although ironically they become symbols in conclusion. For instance, the children who betray their father's have done so with malice coming from hurt or insecurity. In the case of Goneril and Regan their father always favored Cordelia, leaving them insecure and hurt. Edmund feels inadequate in his status of illegitimacy. Furthermore, Goneril seems intent at all costs of acquiring the kingdom, yet in the end she is willing to give it all up for a man. Regan exhibits humanity briefly in that she shows some concern that Gloucester should be relieved of his suffering. Edmund seems heartless yet in the end repents for his sins and openly expresses regret. Cornwall is an icon for evil. He shows no inconsistency in his campaign for terror and violence and has no finest hour. In Albany's character the dichotomy of good and evil is blatantly exposed. In the end his good side wins out proving that he is subject to a higher law. Oswald is an obedient slave to evil, but could just as likely be to good. His master happened to be Goneril's, and his loyalty to her puts him in the villainous category. In the middle of the spectrum of good and evil we have the truly humanistic characters, characters that make mistakes, yet without malice. They later understand their errors and attempt to fix them. King Lear is an example of this description. He is lured by flattery, offended by honesty and in his narcissism makes the mistake that costs him his kingdom and ultimately his life. Lear has his faults he does not deal with life well, resorting to angry outbursts and succumbs to self-pity. He relies on Fool to obscure his reality. He eventually shows regret, remorse and empathy and compassion. Lear comes to realize there is a higher law than himself the king, though it takes consequence for him to realize a higher consciousness. The Earl of Gloucester is frankly, a fool yet not a cruel man. Gloucester avoids reality as his friend Lear does. For example he blames events on the stars and absolves himself from any responsibility. However, he displays true heroics by volunteering his own life for the king. The King of Burgundy's only crime is being narcissistic and selfish. Then we have our Christ- like figures who seem to be good no matter what. They exhibit virtue, morality, loyalty and compassion. They remain true to their virtue and not to a specific gain. Cordelia embodies goodness; she is loyal, honest, and compassionate. Fool and the Earl of Kent are loyal to the end, and the King of France is honorable and sincere.

Shakespeare draws a spectrum, he pencils in characters and colors them with life, yet the tragic ends of his play lead us to the question, where is the justice? This concept is addressed widely in the Elizabethian era because the tenants of religion played such a significant role in everyday life. In principal, society embraced and idolized God-like standards yet the bloodshed over religion paints a bitter hypocrisy.

The final scene brings resolution to the plot and subplot. There are many battles of good versus evil in King Lear and in the end it seems no one wins; everyone dies. Yet, the Christ-like figures do not die in vain. They teach important lessons. They teach virtue and compassion, self- reflection and regret. Perhaps Shakespeare is minimizing our existence on earth and assuming that the punishments and rewards come in the afterlife. The audience must determine at this point whether they think divine justice has prevailed. This is where Shakespeare leaves his tragedy open for interpretation and challenges the faith of the audience.

In conclusion, the play King Lear is long, it has many characters that seem like a reiteration of each other, and a double plot is complicated but in closer analysis this structure of theatre more resembles the lives and the times. In creating complexity and interweaving stories, by having more characters and becoming closely acquainted with those characters, deeper questions can be pondered. And perhaps the most powerful component of King Lear is the introspection it forces upon the reader. In drawing a spectrum of good and evil and lacking to provide any guarantee of a just outcome, he indirectly asks us, "what would you do and where would you be?"
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Research Paper on Langston Hughes

The renowned African American poet Langston Hughes has and still does amaze the world with his powerfully written works of literature. In his work "Theme for English B" he holds three important literary keys, theme, narrative, and imagery. With these three keys his work is beautifully put together.

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Hughes theme for "Theme for English B" is that through the interaction of people they are learning but also teaching, giving but also receiving. Hughes best states this in line thirty-seven to thirty-eight, "As I learn from you / I guess you learn from me." Through this interaction people have become apart of everyone else which is directly stated on line thirty-two "yet a part of me, as I am a part of you (Hughes)." Even though at times people would not like to admit that a part of everyone is in them they must come to the full realization that it is true like the narrator in theme of "Theme for English B" has.

Narration is a way Hughes expresses himself in this poem. He uses a didactic narrative to instruct us on being a model American. We all might be different in some aspects but yet the same in others. All of us " like to eat, sleep, drink and, be in love (Hughes 21)." If one, racist or non-biased, were to read this poem and not know of the narrator's race he would relate it to his own race, which are how all Americans should think.

Imagery is probably the most used literary term in "Theme for English B". Hughes uses implied metaphor to suggest an analogy between America and his relationship with his English instructor. Lines thirty-three to thirty-eight is where the metaphor is located, stating:

That's American
Sometimes perhaps you don't want to be a part of me.
But we are, thatт's true!
As I learn from you,
I guess you learn from me- (Hughes)

In addition to implied metaphor, personification and apostrophe can be found in this poem. Personification or giving human qualities to inanimate objects can be found twice in the poem. The first example is " let and let that page come out of you- (Hughes 4)". This is personification because a page can't literary come out of you. The true meaning behind this line is that what ever comes out of your mouth or onto page is whom you are inside. His second example is found in line eighteen through twenty, stating " I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you: / hear you, hear me - we two - you, me, talk on this page. / ( I hear New York too.) Me - Who (Hughes)?" Though the narrator has called out to Harlem, Harlem so to speak, cannot call back. Harlem, which is his environment, is a major part of who he is. The influences of his surrounding help form his whole being. The way he refers to Harlem is also an apostrophe, meaning he is directly addressing some abstract object. Calling out to Harlem and New York is calling out to abstract objects because the cities cannot call back to them.

The three literary keys Hughes Langston uses in this poem are theme, narrative and imagery. It explains to us what it is to be him, what it is be us and how those boundaries become blurred and make us unison. With the completion of these three literary terms a powerful poem has come about.

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Term Paper on Buddha

In trying to alleviate dukkha, or suffering, Sidhartha Gautama readily known as the Buddha, experimented many ways to achieve this feeling of enlightenment. He developed what is known as the middle path. Known in this way because it avoids two extremes, the search for happiness through pleasures and the other is by self-mortification. Suffering comes in many different forms, aging, birth, poverty, etc.

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Causes for these can include the following: Craving, Desire, Thirst, Ignorance, Anger and Greed. To become liberated from dukkha, the feeling of enlightenment or "Nirvana" must be achieved. To do this the Fourth Noble truth must be considered. This step consists of many different categories, primarily eight. This is why it is called the Noble Eightfold Path. All of these categories can be seen as a single step toward enlightenment, but should in fact be grouped into three different categories: Ethical Conduct, Mental Discipline and Wisdom.

Ethical Conduct is built on the idea of universal love and compassion for all living things. Three of the eight fit into this category, though; I believe that only two seem helpful. Right Action and Right Speech are the two I see as the most desirable. In directing yourself from telling lies, slander and gossip one can help to alleviate pain in his own life and for others as well. I have found that there is always one person in a group of individuals that fits this perspective. It is also that one person that usually causes the most pain for the others in the group. A relationship with another person such as in marriage can also benefit from this type of practice. Right Livelihood, though, is not something that is easily followed. In practicing this step one must abstain from drinking, trading in arms or the design of weapons. I have found personally that this is a hard practice to follow. When trying to acquire a job through the Navy I tell them that I will not use my education to develop weapons of destruction. When one is trying to make a future in the engineering field this is a hard situation to stay away from because if I want to try and make money to eat, then I will have to do things like this.

Mental Discipline consists of three steps as well. Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration. All three are defiantly steps that one should follow to help alleviate suffering, but these three seem to be hardest to achieve. You must be in control of your feelings and all other activities of your body, but to be in control you have to be clearly aware of all forms of these feelings and activities. One might be deterred from this category because it makes you reach deep down and explore your feelings, feelings you might not want to explore. Another reason is that one might not be able to experience or learn from their experience because they are not old enough. My father told me when I entered the Air Force, that I was going to experience feelings and emotions that I have not felt yet. In speaking from his own experiences as a Navy Seal he told me that people don't usually try a step such as this until they are much older. After experiencing it for myself I do say that I agree with him.

Wisdom consists of the last two, Right Thought and Right Understanding. It seems that without these two it is not possible to achieve 1. Wisdom and 2. The other six paths. Without thoughts of love, and non-violence, it can be clearly seen that one is not to wise if he promotes the thoughts of war and violence. Understanding is the hardest for any one person to achieve. It is the highest on the list of eight. Having the ability to see things, persons, and nature, etc. for what they really are, but to see things in this way ones mind must be cleared from all impurities. The second part of understanding is penetration, or deep understanding. As I have said before it may be hard for one to explore this path because of his age, social standing or responsibilities. I would like to think that I have a certain affiliation with the first step of understanding. I try to see someone or some person for what they are not something different. If I have to this helps me to go beyond what I see, so that I may understand emotions or actions. Enthalpy could be integrated here.

In conclusion I have made an attempt to reflect on what I think are the most important of the Noble Eight Fold Path. I have argued my claims with simple experiences from my own life and pointed out conflicts with this the Fourth Noble Truth. I should be known that I do think all of the eight paths can be merited for their application, but not everything always happens like in the movies. In order to alleviate suffering everyone in the world must try to follow all eight of these paths. This I think will never happen.
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Essay on Aliens

In the her text, Popular Culture, Freccero states, "Science fiction most explicitly addresses the political, representing political fantasies through the imagining of alternative worlds, and thus invites the reading of ideological critique" (Freccero, pg. 111). The film Alien: Resurrection is embedded thoroughly with representation of modern day cultural occurrings. In the film's case, it is tackling issues such as cloning and outside womb reproduction, such as test tube babies, and negative representation of women by degradation from the men. The social commentary is perfectly obvious: the bad guys are the military-scientific establishment, cold, heartless, mechanistic, oblivious to the human consequences of their actions and what happens when women succumb to blunt sexism.

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This film picks up where Alien 3 left off and certain people have saved some of Ripley's (Sigourney Weaver) blood and it appears that they have successfully cloned her after eight attempts. Not only have they cloned her, but they have fused her DNA with that of an Alien, giving our heroine the body and mind of a human but the strength and acid blood of an alien. The opening line of the film is Ripley saying, "My mother always said there are no monsters...but there are." You hear her say this as the camera pulls back and you see her being surrounded by scientists as they prepare to operate on her and deliver her "baby", an Alien queen that was implanted into the host, Ripley. That statement in the first 15 seconds of the film enunciates the tone and underlying message for the remainder of the film. Ripley, even though created by scientists, has sympathy towards these aliens. In her mind she knows that she must destroy them, but in her heart she feel pangs of guilt towards doing so, hence the apology to her "child" as it is sucked out the ship's window. This turns the film into more a voyage of self-discovery then a horror/sci-fi adventure. I think the film's message is that even though she was created by scientists, she still has emotions and cloning is simply uncalled for. Freccero states, "Alien was horrified by the blurring of the boundaries between nature and technology, further suggesting that nature might actually win out in the end in revenge for humanity's audacity at having dreamed that technology would bring transcendence" (Freccero, pg. 117). I think that this film is repeating this message by showing cloning in a negative light.

Freccero states, "Technology has been and is viewed as a predominantly masculine domain, indeed as defining late-twentieth-century advanced capitalist masculinity" (Freccero, pg. 102). This is very present theme in the film, as the men, both the scientists and the pirates aboard the ship, repeatedly degrade the women verbally. Over and over throughout the film, sexualized comments are made towards the women that signal that in the future, "The feminine is constituted as a threat and an object of desire in the space of fraternal bonding" (Freccero, pg. 107). In one scene, we see one of the lady pirates in the driver's seat of the ship. A man pirate says to her, "No matter how many times I see a woman strapped in like that...it just does it for me." I think this comment signals that even though the woman is capable of doing exactly what the man is doing, she is kept in her place, a place that is dominated by men.

The text states that "The exercise of privilege over women, in the form of sexual violence, degradation, parody and selective exclusion, guarantees an important mediation between and among the men, a mediation that will keep them from turning toward and loving each other, a mediation that will prevent homoeroticism and produce homosociality instead" (Freccero, pg. 106). Homosociality is defined in the text as :

...guaranteeing the control of social space by men only, while it also ensures that the fiction of a competitive structure will persist and eventually take over once the men themselves become patriarchs (106).

One might conclude that the "patriarchism" occurs when the cloning is successful or when the queen is born from the cloned Ripley. If she is the alien's mother, one could view the scientists as being the father. The women are viewed as sexual objects placed on board the ship for the men's amusement. The men, the pirates and the scientists, have camaraderie in bashing the women together. I think they definitely view Ripley as a threat to their male hierarchy. She beats up several of the pirates as she is playing basketball and they become very angry at Call (Winona Ryder) after they discover she has been talking with Ripley and say she is a terrorist. The pirates view Ripley as a two-sided threat: one that may be desired as well as feared.

I find it interesting that in the first Alien film, the computer responded to MU TH UR (Mother). This is a "oedipalized relation to the mother as the first all-powerful female figure who dominates the infant boy"(Freccero, pg. 107). The film Alien: Resurrection has the computer responding to FA TH UR (Father), which could signifies that perhaps the tables have turned and the men have gained control of Ripley's character and lessened her power. The book states, "One of the ways the patriarchy guarantees its reproduction and replacement, even from within the resistive and oppositional moment of fraternal bonding, is through a certain relation to women, the female body, and femininity" (Freccero, pg. 106). This is exactly what the men strived to achieve in Alien: Resurrection: total domination over women by means of verbal and physical abuse.

Overall, after analyzing this film, I think it had little to offer in the arena of cultural context. It could have gone very deeply into several subjects, such as cloning, yet I feel it merely danced around them as to appease the mass Hollywood audience.

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