Original GCSE Coursework Writing

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Research Paper on The Jungle

In the weeks and months following the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, there were many discussions about this novel. Considered crude and blunt in his naturalistic method, Sinclair was said to over exaggerate the difficulties that Jurgis Rudkus and his extended family faced. Sinclair effectively made his point through the use of his characters, the setting and figurative language. An active advocate of Socialism, Sinclair wrote his novel to expose the horrible conditions in which the working class was forced to live. Constructing characters who were to be defeated was meant to soften the reader's heart, propaganda for the message of Socialism.

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Although there was no doubt that the Chicago stockyards or "Packingtown" held a lower standard of life than was considered the American Dream, it was implausible that one family would confront so many hardships. The author describes Chicago as a savage place, a jungle, which is a harsh but accurate depiction of Packingtown in the early twentieth century. Every horror that the family encounters advocates Sinclair's support of Socialism. Taking the reader through the packing plant exposes the unsanitary conditions that were ever prevalent in the stockyards. It is said that The Jungle hit people's stomachs, not their hearts. Sinclair did not mind however as it propelled "the working men of America" into the eye of the public. Descriptions such as the following two that are found on page 96 were likely meant to raise the national consciousness. "It seemed that they must have agencies all over the country, to hunt out old and crippled and diseased cattle to be canned" and "there were cattle which had been fed on whiskey malt, the refuse of the breweries, and had become what men called steerly--which means covered with boils".

The setting was meant to provide a comparison between Packingtown and those who lived in lavish extravagance. In chapter twenty-four Sinclair tells of how Jurgis met a "Master Freddie" the son of Mr. Durham, the owner of the packing plant in which Jurgis once worked. Dramatic comparisons were drawn between the difference in wealth of the rich and poor, showing what Sinclair considered a huge problem with Capitalism.

The story is told through the eyes of Lithuanian immigrants, flat characters whose dreams for the future are eventually crushed after becoming the Everyman of America. Sinclair does not sacrifice his message for the sake of believable characters and a credible plot. Jurgis is a character with little history or personality. Coming to America he is portrayed as a hard worker very much in love with his new wife, Ona. In chapter two the author introduces the reader to his na've aspirations. "Jurgis talked lightly about work, because he was young. They told him stories about the breaking down of men, there in the stockyards of Chicago, and of what happened to them afterward--stories to make your flesh creep, but Jurgis would only laugh." This attitude of hard work persisted and Jurgis was proud to be "a cog in this marvelous machine". After time however, his opinion on life in the stockyards had greatly changed. He no longer had hope of the future, but turned to alcohol to solve his problems.

Stumbling through life in the city, Jurgis is Sinclair's universal, a man who could be anyone. He was a meat-packer, a prisoner, a steelworker, a scab, a petty criminal, a hobo on the road and finally a converted socialist. He portrays the life that anyone could have, and the salvation that solves everyone's problems. On page 102 Sinclair describes how the family has no reprieve from the work that they are tied to. "Four or five miles to the east of them lay the blue waters of Lake Michigan; but for all the good it did them it might have been as far away as the Pacific Ocean. They had only Sundays, and then they were too tired to walk. They were tied to the great packing machine and tied to it for life." This contrast could be drawn between anyone's life, any muckraker throughout the world, fed up with the inequality of Capitalism. This was Sinclair's goal, and although it is obvious, he makes his point; Socialism is the answer to the problems that plague the working class.

Sinclair uses figurative language in an attempt to create a novel of literary merit. Often this figurative language enables him to more effectively make his point. In chapter fourteen Ona is having difficulty with her health and Sinclair uses figurative language to strengthen his position. "The accursed work she had to do, that was killing her by inches." As well in chapter twenty-eight Sinclair uses figurative language to make the speaker at the Socialism convention seem well educated. "I shall still be waiting--there is nothing else that I can do. There is no wilderness where I can hide from these things, there is no haven where I can escape them; though I travel to the ends of the earth, I find the same accursed system". Although Sinclair is by no means the finest author, at times throughout The Jungle, his value as a novelist is evident.

In spite of the fact that The Jungle falls far short of a great novel, it is written as protest against the deceitful practices of the meat packing industry. This is the central theme of Sinclair's questioning of the competitive individualism that is Capitalism. Upton Sinclair uses the setting, his characters and figurative language to make his points. Although he is at times mundane and lifeless, Jurgis story is still interesting, and one cannot help but be carried along the plot. You find yourself at times agreeing with Sinclair, yet shaking your head at his dogmatic opinion. This novel contains a valuable history lesson.


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Research Paper on The Lottery

Despite its title, Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" leads us to think of winning money, but instead it portrays an innocent person denied life's chances, a victim of violence and cruelty by the community. On the morning of June 27th, a sunny pleasant summer day, the villagers are gathered in the village square as they did every year. They are carrying on normal conversations as if nothing of importance is going to happen. It is not very clear where this village is located. Mr. Summers, the lottery organizer, arrives with a black box containing slips of paper. One of the papers has a black dot marked on it. The fact that Mr. Summers is conducting the lottery, and runs the coal business; it is the only clue we have with which to date the story. In "The lottery", a human being is stoned to death in the name of a good crop. There is no explanation provided where the guarantee of a good crop is coming from.

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A theme of "The Lottery" is the blind following of tradition and customs without looking at the consequences of such actions. The villagers believe in old customs that someone has to be sacrificed for the common good. They continue to take part in the lottery even though they cannot remember some of the customs of the ritual, such as the "tuneless chant" and the "ritual salute" (Jackson, 337). There are slips of paper to be made. There is the calling of family names in the alphabetical order during the drawing of the lottery. The black box from which the slips of paper are drawn symbolizes the villagers not able to change their tradition.

Mrs. Adams is having a conversation with the oldest member of the community, Old Man Warner about giving up the lottery. In this conversation we notice a sense of guilt in Mr. and Mrs. Adams because of what they are about to do. In the foreshadowing, Mr. Warner is explaining to the villagers the importance of having the lottery for the survival of the village. He is against the idea and says; "There's always been the lottery" (339). Mr. Warner symbolizes resistance to change because he has no other way of living except that of the lottery as we can see how many times he has drawn the lottery and has no intentions of giving it up. The irony of it is that Mr. and Mrs. Adams could have stood up for themselves and refuse to participate in the lottery.

During the drawing of the lottery the villagers are overcome with fear because they do not know who among them is going to pick the marked paper. They breathe a sigh of relief when they find out that Mrs. Hutchinson is the winner of the lottery. Her husband and children are glad that they did not win the lottery. She complains about the manner in which the lottery is conducted but it really does not matter; someone has to win it. Mr. summers tells the villagers, "let's finish quickly" (341). At this point we are hoping that Mr. Summers is going to announce the cash prize for the winning lottery ticket, but instead the community sets upon Mrs. Hutchinson with a pile of stones collected earlier by the boys. It is at this point that we realize the lottery is not winning money but the villagers are engaged in a brutal act of stoning to death of an innocent human being victimized by means of a public lottery. Mrs. Hutchinson is in shock and disbelief on realizing that not only her friends and neighbors are going to kill her, but also her family is willing to take part. Although children have joy in making a pile of stones, they certainly do not have joy in stoning people to death. They learn from their parents whom they imitate in their play. We see that Davy Hutchinson being given a few pebbles to stone his mom and thus he learns what to do before he knows why he is doing it. Why is it that Davy picks his own paper but has help in stoning his mother?

Violence is a major theme in "The Lottery". While the stoning is cruel and brutal, we realize that horrifying acts of violence can happen anywhere at any time and committed by ordinary people. The fact that the villagers kill one person a year does not change the fact that they are murderers. We do not have many details about the villagers, which makes it hard to to tell their emotional feelings during and after the stoning. We do not have details of Mrs. Hutchison's death and we do not see a sense of guilt and remorse, but instead as the French moralist Rochefoucald "observes that we obtain a certain pleasure from news of misfortune to friends". (Short Story-criticism Vol. 9, Ed. Thomas Botteler, 251). The villagers must have returned to their homes thanking their gods that they did not win the lottery. Therefore life is not always fair when denied life's chances.

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Research Paper on Lord Byron

Poets of vision and revolution, the Romantics rejected the established political and social values of the 18th century. The Romantic age occurred against the setting of the French Revolution. Both represented freedom and a shift in society's values and concerns. Lord Byron was among the most famous of the England's Romantic poets. His unwillingness, or perhaps inability, to conform to society, and his acceptance of the Romantic values, individualism, freedom, imagination and nature, is reflected in his poetry. The poems, Darkness and She Walks in Beauty, can be seen to reflect such values.

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Romanticism saw a radical change in attitude towards the value of the individual. Romantics were interested in the feeling, not the facts. In the poem Darkness, Byron describes the different responses of man, at a time when death seems imminent. Some "hid their eyes and wept", others "hurried to and fro", while "some did rest chins upon clenched hands and smiled". He expresses the range of emotions from acceptance to the frustration. These broad descriptions demonstrate the Romantic idea that an individual's emotional response is more important than a rational one. She Walks in Beauty, focuses on the internal beauty of a woman. There are no descriptions of the woman's body; instead Byron chooses to emphasise her facial features:

"And on that cheek, and over that brow
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent"

Her eyes, hair, cheeks and brows can be seen to be doorways to her internal beauty. He explores the woman's ability to contain opposites in her personality in order to attain a perfect balance:

"And all that's best of light and dark
Meet in her aspect and her eyes"

Byron's emphasis on her interior beauty and her individual characteristics challenged society's value in physical beauty.

Romantic poets real links were with nature, rather than urbanised societies. Byron, like most Romantic poets, found beauty and inspiration in nature. Throughout Darkness animal imagery is significant, with Byron using animals to portray the response of humans in times of chaos. The snakes "twine themselves among the multitude" to seek comfort, mirroring the action of human bonding during a crisis. Birds are shown flapping their useless wing's symbolising man's futile attempts to bring light back into the world. He shows that in times of chaos all creatures are brought down to the same level, performing similar actions in order to survive. Byron association of dark and cold images of nature conveys the atmosphere of the poem:

"the icy earth swung blind and blackening in the moonless air"

She Walks In Beauty combines both dark and light images to describe the beauty and balance in the woman's character:

"She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies"

The use of these nature associated objects in Byron's imagery, is an attempt to draw attention away from custom and tradition and towards the beauty of the natural world.

Romantics saw no need for reason and logic in their quest for truth, but instead relied on the individual experience and the imagination. Darkness sets up a dream like atmosphere in it's beginning lines: "I had a dream, but it was not all a dream." It allows the reader to explore an environment spawned by the author's imagination, and experience an almost unbelievable situation. In this dream sequence, Byron is able to embed a wide range of values, such as the rejection of religious ideas. The men in the poem forget the significance of holy objects and lose faith in their once strong beliefs. This mirrors Byron's revolt against his religious upbringing at a time of social upheaval. The poets imagination allowed for spontaneity and lyricism to develop in many poetical works. Regular metres, strict forms and other convention of rhyme were no longer employed. Blank verses, such as in Darkness, dominated over the rhyming couplet that was prominent in the 18th century. Imagination facilitated the questioning and change in established values of society.

Above all Byron valued freedom, freedom from tyranny and convention. He donated his money and time to the revolutionary society of the Carbonari in his support of Italian freedom. He also worked beside the Greeks in their fight for independence from the Turks. His enthusiasm inspired all those around him. In Darkness social classes are abolished and all brought down to the same level, all striving to survive. This expresses the Romantic ideal of freedom. It is a freedom from oppression of the lower classes, and the sovereignty of the upper classes.

Lord Byron challenged the established political, social, artistic and intellectual norms of society. His poetry privileges the imagination, individual freedom and an idealisation of nature. Many of his poems, including Darkness and She Walks in Beauty incorporate many of Byron's values, and the ideals of the Romantic Movement.

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Research Paper on John Locke

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes are two philosophers who thought extensively on the subject of human nature and conflict in human society. These two men represent two different perspectives of government and liberty. Hobbes believed that mankind is evil by nature and in this state all men are governed by natural laws. These laws primarily consist of justice and equity. Living in this state of nature is so horrible, that men join together and agree to be ruled by a common leader. Contrarily, Locke believes that man, by nature, is good, but enters into society to preserve and regulate people's rights to own and enjoy property.

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First, to understand why Locke and Hobbes felt the way they did about human nature, one must take into account the historical periods in which they lived. Hobbes lived during a time marked by civil war and huge amounts of disorder. He lived to see the beheading of King Charles I, the English Civil War and the Protestant Revolution. Hobbes saw this period of chaos and anarchy as counterproductive to the advancement of society. This led him to believe that only a strong state under a strong, authoritative ruler could prevent anarchy and provide security. Very different to the period of turmoil that Hobbes lived through was the time of John Locke. By the time that Locke emerged, the English Civil War was over. Therefore, the time periods they lived in influenced the way both Hobbes and Locke viewed the world.

Furthermore, the world surrounding Hobbes gave him a very pessimistic view of man. He believed that man, by nature, is evil and all men are created equal, therefore all men are evil. Moreover, Hobbes believes that men are greedy, and the problem comes when one item is desired by two men. These two men will always become enemies, and in order to obtain this item, man will attempt to destroy the other. Hobbes pushed that the only way to escape this competitive existence, men need to compose governments. And, to be sure that the desire for glory and domination of man is kept in check, the ruler must be given all the power.

In contrast, Locke's view is optimistic and he believed that man in his state of nature is not too unlike man in society. So living in a peaceful society, Locke came to the conclusion that man kind, by nature, is good. Unlike Hobbes, Locke believed that man, because of his ability to reason, knows what is right and what is wrong, and therefore obeys natural laws even in the primitive state of nature. However, men may be overcome with rage, and in turn enter into a government designed to protect property, which was very important to Locke.

While Locke and Hobbes have opposed views on the natural state of man, the underlying concept is the same. Both men conclude that men are all constituted as equal.

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Research Paper on Journalism

Journalism is my passion. Ever since I was a young child, my true ardor was to write. Rather than playing games most little girls would find interest in, I would sit down with and just my own novice stories. I loved to write so much that I would even write on the walls of my house. It got to the point where my parents would have to take away my pens, pencils, and crayons as a means of punishment. Once, I took one of my mom's horrendously bright red lipstick and wrote with that on the door to the guest-room. While most kids at the tender age of 4 would watch Sesame Street or Mr. Rogers, I would sit and watch the news with my dad. My young innocent eyes were glued to the news, fascinated by the images of war torn countries and other current events that were happening in the world.

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Once I learned to write and put words together in 1st grade, I could not stop. Rather than waste away my mind in front of the evil brain-cell killing box called television watching senseless cartoons, I would whip out my magic pen and write whatever would come to mind. For a father's day present when I was seven years old, I gave my dad a hadwritten poem with 75%of the words misspelled but 100% created with love. My young "love affair" with writing and keen observant eye to the world around me became the very foundations for my dreams to become a journalist later on in life.

When I had reached high school, my parents had decided to send me to a private Catholic school. Rather than slaving away at my studies like my parents would have liked me to do, I would slack off and write in my journal about life, the world and all of the craziness that comes with it. The religious atmosphere of the school had suffocated my hunger for knowledge and learning by incorporating religion in every subject, including science. Don't get me wrong, I mean, I love religion, I believe that religion gives us our faith and thus gives us something to hold on to and turn to in times that we feel we are in trouble or are bad, however, religion does not need to be incorporated into every subject. Especially the subjects that have nothing to do with religion, and is in fact, in complete conflict with it. Though I passed all my classes with absolutly no F's or D's, my parents had decided to remove me from the private institution that I called school, and place me in to a public school for my senior year of high school because I wasn't getting straight A's or a 4.3 g.p.a.

While it is true that I did slack off during my high school career, instead of doing drugs or partying everyday like a lot of the other kids in the area did, I would sit outside when the weather was nice and write. If the weather was bad, I would watch the rain which would calm my nerves from the everyday calamities of life and write. Writing to me was like blood flowing through my veins. Rather than take drugs to relieve my pain, I would write instead. Every time I would get into a fight with someone or I was going through one of life's many downs, I would write to free my mind. Writing was like the lighter to my cigarette, it ignited my brain to be clear and think. And no I don't smoke.

During my sophomore year of high school, a terrible tragedy hit the U.S. The United States of America was attacked on September 11th 2001. It was around this time where I figured out what I really wanted to become in life, a journalist. Every time I would turn on the T.V., I would hear about the World Trade Center and about Osama Bin Laden. Yes, it was a tragedy, but there was another kind of tragedy that wasn't covered on television that much. The backlash that Muslims received because ignorant people associated Muslims with terrorists, when in fact most Muslims completely opposed terrorism. I also noticed how news stations would not report the entire truth, or they would twist the truth around. If it was not for the internet, I would not have found out much of the information that I know today because news stations did not report the entire truth. Part of the reason why I want to become a journalist, is so I can report the entire truth instead of half truths. Most Americans did not know that the plan on the War on Iraq was drawn up before September 11th. I want to become a journalist so that I can have the opportunity to educate the average American about information that they may not have known otherwise.

Becoming a journalist is my true passion in life. What gets me through the dreadfully long school days is knowing that I would be doing something that I enjoy at the end. I know that bringing people the truth and writing the truth is what I truly want to do in life. Ever since my innocent pair of eyes saw war torn countries on television when I was four, I knew then, that I wanted to become a journalist so I can go to those countries and write news worthy stories on their condition. Journalism is my passion.

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Research Paper on Florida

Tampa, Florida is located on the western side of the Floridian peninsula. It is one the many coastal cities. It is the industrial and trading center of Florida's western coast, and is home to the largest seaport. Every year it draws more and tourists, with a variety of things to keep people busy.

People come to Tampa to enjoy the scenery as well as engage in the rides and thrills of Busch Gardens. The people who know Tampa for its entertainment are familiar with the nightlife and the pubs. There are so many places to shop and several outlet stores that sell souvenirs. No one will get bored in Tampa: in addition to the beach and the main attractions, there are other things to keep one entertained. Parasailing is a popular water sport. For those who are not interested in leaving the ground there is deep sea fishing or shrimping. If that is still not enough there are even guided boat tours of the river. Most people come here for the big attractions, but still there are many people who come to enjoy the natural environment.

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The high-rise hotels and shopping centers surrounding the beach are gorgeous. The soft, fine, white sand shimmers in the sunlight. It looks like a million tiny diamonds spread along the shore. The ocean and its crashing waves surround one in concurrence. The birds call back and forth to one another to help them food. The bright sun reaches out with its beams of light to warm one's skin. The smell of the salty air nips at one's nose. The ocean during its low tide is very calm and serene. Its vast blue-green stretches for miles beyond the horizon.

People are not only the inhabitants of Tampa. There are lots of creatures found on the coast and in the water. During the early hours of the morning around dawn, crabs can be seen scattering along the sand. During the day many different birds fly above the beach. The beaches are home to pelicans and common ants. Wedged between rocks along the shoreline may even be sea urchins and tiny fiddler crabs. In the sand under dunes sometimes there are orange flags: these flags are there to mark the turtle nests to help save them from becoming extinct. In the water there may be gigantic sea turtles as well as dolphins. There are lots of exotic fish unique in the size and color.

The climate here makes it an enjoyable place for people and is perfect for the animals located here. The weather here is rarely rainy: hence Florida is called the Sunshine State. It is usually hot and humid. The wind that comes off the water keeps the air moist. There is little elevation, here so the temperature does not change a lot. Tampa has a very mild climate. The weather can affect the daily life. Tornados and hurricanes can hit any time when the weather is right. The majority of these come through from June to November. There are floodings that happen when the storms come through. The animals, and vegetation during this time suffer greatly, due to the extreme impact.

I think Tampa is a magnificent place for people to visit. The area's beach and parks are terrific. I enjoy relaxing on the beach and enjoying my quiet destinations. Where sanity and tranquility beat the fast-paced surroundings, those are the moments that I love to visit time and time again. I love the feel of sand on my feet because it feels like cotton, while the salty air is exhilarating. The view of the ocean and the sounds of nature are relaxing. I enjoy the rides at Busch Gardens and what is has to offer. O would like to go back and visit the tranquility and relive those memorable moments that I think about so often. Tampa has such a variety of things to do. I will some day do them all.

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Research Paper on Firefighting

Fire Fighters were really the unsung heroes until recent incident where terrorist hijacked two airplanes and crashed them into the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001. This was the largest terrorist attack ever established on U.S. soil. The Fire Fighters were sent to rescue the civilians and risked their lives to try to save the lives of the people that were trapped in the two buildings. The structure collapsed with many of the fire fighters and civilians still in the building. The courage, loyalty and strength it takes to carry on this career are shown by this heroic action performed by the fire fighters who will forever be in our hearts and minds. Fire fighters risk their lives daily to help the public. They are on call 24 hours a day seven days a week. Their jobs range from fighting fires to dismantling bombs. The fire fighters of today have to be certified not only to fight fires but as paramedic first responders as well. It is a career that requires a high mental and physical demand. In order to become a Fire Fighter you would need to be in the right physical and mental state. Fire Fighters aren?t made, they are born. They are there own race so to speak. The career as a fire fighter has always been a dream of mine and now know that this is what I want t to do with my life, become a fire fighter.

The process to become a fire fighter is continuous. According to the (Occupational Outlook Handbook 342), the requirements to be accepted to a fire academy are to be at least eighteen years of age and a high school graduate. After these requirements are met, the applicant will under go a written and physical exam. The article explains that once accepted to the fire academy, the training begins. The training includes fire fighting techniques, emergency medical procedures and first aid (Bureau of Labor Statistics 342-343). Another article on the U.S. Department of Labor web site states that after the classroom instruction an apprenticeship is required. The apprenticeship program includes hands-on training and awareness of fire fighting equipment; this can last up to five years. Once the apprenticeship program is completed the applicant is then assigned to a firefighter department. The article goes further to say that education continues from this point forward. Frequently, once assigned to a fire station, the fire fighters attend seminars to gain knowledge on new fire fighting techniques and equipment. They also attended conferences in order to get a better insight of the fire fighting community (Occupational Outlook Handbook online 3). Therefore the learning of a fire fighter is never-ending.

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In the field of fire fighting, the compensation package depends where he or she is stationed. According to the article ?Fire Fighters? Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocabulary Guidance (17), the typical salary of a full-time fire fighter was $23,753 in 1995. Fire fighters who have more experience can earn on a median of $31,615 a year. The earnings of a fire fighter varied depending on the size on the city and/or region of the country. In the smaller cities there was an average earning was $25, 500; however in larger cities the gross income is $35, 400 a year. In the article it also states that the higher in rank receives a larger net income. Fire lieutenants, captains, and fire chiefs average can range from anywhere in between $47,000 to $55, 000. Fire Chiefs in larger cities can produce as much as $80,000 per year or more. According to the article ?Firefighting Occupations? Careers for the 90?s. Research and Education Association (1991 288), fire fighters receive a variety of peripheral benefits that would include medical and liability insurance, vacation and sick leave, and some compensated holidays. Virtually all fire departments provide the protective clothing needed for a fire fighter, which includes helmets, boots, and coats. Departments also include a breathing apparatus and dress uniforms. Fire fighters are covered on a usual basis by liberal pension plans that endow with a retirement at half pay at age 50 after 25 years of service or at any age if disabled on the job. Thus, in the field of fire fighting the compensation package can vary on the location of which you are stationed.

Assessment for the future need for the career as a fire fighter is projected to grow fairly stable. According to the article ?Fire Fighters? Encyclopedia of Careers (17), there are currently 300,000 personnel employed as fire fighters, with several thousand jobs anticipated annually. The job opportunities available are of a result of those who have died, retired, or resigned from the occupation. Replacements are required more in this line of work than most other jobs because fire fighters have the opportunity to retire at an early age. Most of the new jobs will be created from small growing communities that combine volunteer and career fire fighters. In large urban cities there is little growth expected. In most cities the competition for jobs opportunity is keen. The occupation as a fire fighter attracts many people because a high diploma is sufficient, a high income, and good retirement plan. The number of able applicants often is greater than the jobs that are available. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (343) states that many people are attracted to fire fighting as a career because it challenges and gives people the chance to perform a public service. The job opportunities are expected to increase more slowly than other jobs through 2010. Most of the job increase will result from volunteer firefighting converted into paid positions. Fire protection is an important service, and citizens are likely to put more pressure to local officials to maintain the level of fire protection. In conclusion, the assessment for the future need for the career is projected to fairly stable.

The field fire fighting requires a high physical demand and various skills needed for this occupation. According to the article ?Fire Fighter? in Eureka (1, 2 of 9), fire fighting requires the ability to handle and operate objects, tools and machinery. First you would need to be in good health, physical ability, strength and stamina. Secondly you would need to have an above average manual dexterity, with good hand eye coordination; the ability to climb, stoop, reach, and hear. Thirdly, you need to be able to lift up to 50 pounds or more. Fourthly, it is important to be able to work under high levels of stress, willingness to risk death or injury and work well with others. In the article ?Fire Fighters? (Encyclopedia of Careers 15-16), it states that to become a fire fighter one would need to go through rigorous physical exams. Intrapersonal skills are a necessity in this line of work. One would need to be able to handle the emotions of those he or she is helping; emotions can range from distraught homeowners to burn victims. Therefore, the field of fire fighting requires a high physical demand and various skills needed for this occupation.

The typical days worked, duties and responsibilities of a fire fighter can range on a wide scale. In the article ?Careers for the 90?s? (Research & Education Association 286-288), it states that a fire fighters work long hours compared to most other workers. They usually work 50 hours a week. In some cities they are on duty for 24 hours and off 48 hours. They typically work a day shift of 10 hours for 3 or 4 days. Then fire fighters work a night shift of 14 hours; have 3 or 4 days off. According to the online article Bureau of Labor Statistics (1 of 6), Fire fighters have numerous responsibilities. When on duty fire fighters they must be ready at all times for any types of call. On emergency scenes fire fighters are given specific duties handed to them by there superiors. At fires, they connect hoses to hydrants, where they connect the hoses to the pumps to send the water to high pressure hoses and they set up ladders in position to deliver the water to the fire. Fire fighters also rescue victims and give medical attention needed. They have assumed a range of responsibilities, including emergency medical services. Most of the calls that fire fighters receive are medical emergencies. In conclusion, the typical days worked, duties and responsibilities of a fire fighter can range on a wide scale.

The career as a fire fighter has its drawbacks and is stressful. In the article ?Firefighting Occupations? (Occupational Outlook Handbook 342), it states that some of the drawbacks include responding to calls regardless of weather or hour, risking death or injury on the job. Fire fighters also could be exposed to flames or smoke. They can come in contact with poisonous, flammable, or explosive gases and chemical. According to the article ?Fire Fighters? (Encyclopedia of Careers 17), fire fighting as an occupation can be stressful. Stress can occur on any job. Fire fighting is stressful because someone?s life can hang in the balance. The job includes long hours with 24 hour shifts. Therefore, fire fighting has its drawbacks and is stressful.

In conclusion, fire fighters risk their lives daily in order to keep the public safe. They show a great deal of courage, loyalty and strength. Fire fighting as an occupation requires a special kind of person who will risk all they have for the job and the people they are sworn to protect. Fire fighting has always been a dream of mine. When I was six years old, I remember the house across the street caught on fire. I was amazed by the fire fighters and how they came a handled the situation with ease. I saw them save the lives of the couple still in the house and extinguish the fire. Since then I knew that fire fighting is what I wanted to do with my life.

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Research Paper on Gender Roles

The ideology of something is a lived experience and isn't categorized as true or false for it is always true since it is lived. Ideologies are used to obscure the structures of domination. As quoted by Terry Eagleton in "Marxism and Literary Criticism": "superstructure" are certain forms of law and politics, a certain kind of state, whose essential function is to legitimate the power of the social class which owns the means of economic production, it also consists of certain "definite forms of social consciousness" which is what Marxism designates as ideology.
(Eagleton 5)

By not accepting certain ideologies one can create an inter movement between the super structure and the base. If one is more passive to the certain ideology the structure that is already set up will not be disturbed. Gender role attitudes are generally conceived as opinions and beliefs about the ways that family and work roles do and should differ based on sex. The gender role ideology leads to the social structure that masks what the men are able to do and or get a way with. It is a form of the domination that is set for men over women. There are many ways to reveal the masks over people's eyes. In "White Tigers" and "No Name Women" by Maxine Hong Kingston among other things, she uses her story telling as a way to reveal the truths behind these social structures that relate to men and shows the lived experience of them with regard to women.

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Through the progression of "No Name Woman," Kingston details a story of her aunt who commits adultery. Throughout the memoir she uses different examples to show the dominance of men. As the men of China immigrate to America looking for work to send money home to their families, the women are expected to uphold the home front. "They expected her alone to keep the traditional ways, which her brothers, now among the barbarians, could fumble without detection".The work of preservation demands that the feelings playing about in one's guts not be turned into action." (Kingston 8) This shows the difference between the male and females. Her brother's could "fumble without detection," they could mess with the "traditional ways," but the expectation for the aunt was different, she was not allowed to make a mistake. Although the aunt is stuck in an unsuitable predicament, to understand why she is there is part of understanding how the village is blind by the ideology of gender roles, "it [ideology] signifies the way men live out their roles in class-society, the values, ideas and images which tie them to their social functions and so prevent them from a true knowledge of society as a whole" (Eagleton 16-7). The fact that her aunt is stuck with how she now has to live out her role that society has already placed on her, also blinds her from "a true knowledge of society." Before the villagers went to ransack the aunt's home Kingston writes, "The frightened villagers, who depended on one another to maintain the real, went to my aunt to show her a personal physical representation of the break she had made in the "roundness" (Kingston 12-3). The thinking of the villagers and how they felt about the crime committed is portrayed here, which lays blame on the aunt. The aunt commits adultery and now because the blame is set upon her shoulders she has been made the one to make a break in the "roundness." The basis of ideology is serving its purpose by the making of the village people being blind towards the fact that the man who also has contributed to making the baby is now free to do what he pleases. The lived experience of the aunt is blame which leads her to silent her "inseminators" name and commits suicide to escape the harsh experience of blame and humiliation to the village people and herself. The humiliation and blame is what is weighed on her shoulders which is the common way to hide what the superstructure is trying to conceal; so she sees this blame and humiliation as normal. With this she abides the expected action created by blame and humiliation.

Kingston also wrote "White Tigers," which she uses her storytelling as a way to live out her possibilities within her storytelling. She is able to use her storytelling to do things that the gender ideologies constrict her from doing. After her heroic story of the great swordswoman, Fa Mu Lan, she leads into a story of her own life and an incident she had with her boss. He wants her to write invitations that are racists and she refuses. In turn he terminates her employment, "you will be paid up to here," he said. "We'll mail you the check." If I took the sword, which my hate must surely have forged out of the air, and gutted him, I would put color and wrinkles into his shirt(Kingston 49). By using her story telling to illustrate what she would like to do to the boss she uses her story as a way to act on the possibilities that Fa Mu Lan had, but because she is living in a male dominated world has no chance. She is not allowed to speak up for herself when confronted with an unwanted predicament because of the roles that woman must play in society. At the end of "White Tigers" Kingston writes of the way that the imagined swordswoman and her similar:
"May my people understand the resemblance soon so that I can return to them. What we have in common are the words at our backs. The idioms for revenge are "report a crime" and not the beheading, not the gutting, but the words. And I have so many words-"chink" words and "gook" words too-that they do not fit on my skin." (Kingston53)

She talks of the "words at our back" meaning that she has this whole superstructure against her and that her only revenge is to make these stories up that help to reveal what she wants to do to her boss and how the ideology of gender roles holds her back from making this a reality. She speaks the truth through her paper to hold the representation of how she is oppressed through this ideology. As Eagleton writes on the production of ideas that deals with how ideology is set up for the base and superstructure, "It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness" (Eagleton 4). Meaning that through life we develop the understanding of how it should be with consideration to how the society is. Kingston lives everyday with the dominance of man at her back. Although she uses her story to reveal what the ideology of gender roles mask, she knows that her writing is a tool which brings success to her, "When I visit my family now, I wrap my American success around me like a private shawl; I am worthy of eating the food" (Kingston 52). She knows her goal is to use her memoir as a way to show what is really going on and through this she knows she has succeeded. Her writing has allowed for her, in her own eyes, to go against everything that she was raised to believe through her family and through society.

In the duration of these two stories there are different aspects of the ideologies that our shown. Kingston shows the different ideologies such as blame, humiliation and oppression. These ideas are woven into how the ideologies of gender roles are thought of and how they lead to further mask superstructure. The ideology of blame is shown through the aunt in the act of committing adultery which is only put on the shoulders of the woman, while the man is not shown accountable for his actions. Humiliation is also a key ideology in "No Name Woman." Kingston's mother tells the story of her aunt to forewarn Kingston of humiliating the family and herself. She tells her this story as she is starting her period as a way to show the importance of learning from it. Yet, what Kingston reveals is how this story plays into the hands of ideology and continues the circle of disguising the way that society is structured so that males continue to dominate.

Kingston writes a memoir consisting of many pages of story telling. A memoir is something such as a journal, something to look back on in the future and remember the times. Kingston's use of story telling in a memoir is peculiar, but her intentions are for it to be this way. Throughout her writing she had undoubtedly written of the ideology of gender roles. By showing how dominant men are compared to women. By doing this it shows how few possibilities a woman has in the world. Yet she reveals her lived experience as a way for the reader to understand the superstructure that is set up which favors the men's role in society and helps to oppress women. Her use of this in a memoir is not only for her to see how the structure has changed, but also to use it as a tool to create an inter-movement between the base and the superstructure. She challenges the ideology of gender roles through her writing. Terry Eagleton writes of the reflection of the experience, "art does more than just passively reflect that experience. It is held within ideology, but also manages to distance itself from it, to the point where it permits us to "feel" and "perceive" the ideology from which it springs" (Eagleton 18). Meaning that Kingston's literature is not a reflection of the ideology, but she uses it to distance the literature from ideology so that the reader can perceive it even as it is representing it. Her representation brings about stakes which is that of going against the superstructure to make a change in it. With her two pieces representing these possibilities leads to the collaboration of a book of memoirs. This book being made in hope that the memoirs are something she can look back on and see that she has helped unmask something that has oppressed her for so long and has finally created a change for others. Kingston has thus helped to identify the ideology of gender roles and allowed the readers to understand the experience. As Eagleton uses in closing: Illusion - the ordinary ideological experience of men - is the material on which the writer goes to work; but in working on it he transforms it into something different, lends it a shape and structure. It is by giving ideology a determinate form, facing it within certain fictional limits, that art is able to distance itself from it, thus revealing to us the limits of that ideology. In doing this, Macherey claims, art contributes to our deliverance from the ideological illusion. (Eagleton 19)

This is just what Kingston does; she delivers the ideological illusion of gender roles. She demonstrates throughout the two memoirs, "No Name Woman" and "White Tigers" the difference of elements that help to construct the overall gender ideology. So, through writing and story telling Kingston was able to uphold her goal of the revelation of the gender ideologies that give the upper hand to men and continually keep the woman less dominant.

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Research Paper on Genocide

Ethnic Cleansing is a form of genocide. It is a ritual that is still being practiced in Bosnia. It consists of attacks on settlements, mass killings, torture, rape, and starvation. The victims have primarily been Muslim civilians with casualties totaling 200,000.

The violence can be attributed to the defeat and killing of Prince Lazar in Kosovo by the Turkish people. This event took place in 1389. Lazar is looked upon as a Christ like figure by the Serbian's.

A play written by Prince Bishop Petar the II called The Mountain Wreath, glorifies the mass killings of the killings of Muslims as well as the defeat of Islam. It also talks about people who convert to Islam being the responsible for the death of the Prince Lazar.

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In 1989 on the anniversary of the play the battle for Kosovo which main theme is the extermination of Slavic Muslims and race betrayal. A million Serbian's came to Kosovo to honor it.

Religious organizations and churches in the region have ignored the issue surrounding the mass killings. In fact some have blessed armies that have returned from "kill and plunder expeditions." The city of Zvornick celebrated the fact that the city was now one hundred percent free. "Ethnonationalist celebrated the feast of St Sava founder of the Serbian Church by burning down the 300-year old mosque at Trebinje and massacring the towns Muslims."

The Serbian Church was primarily responsible for the destruction of Bosnia. They were successful in rallying the people against the Muslims in 1988-89. The church was then under pressure worldwide. People wanted to see if they would indirectly support the genocide or support the victims of the cruel crimes.

New types of ethnic cleansing have been introduced by the Bosnian Serb army, which controlled over seventy percent of the army by the early nineties. The Serbian Orthodox Church is in full support of this ethnic cleansing.

It consists of women children and the elderly are told to leave or have to face execution. The Muslim's homes are looted. They have to leave all of their valuables including their homes. The women are raped and the men beaten and sent to work on slave labor camps.

Sells says that "The horrendous suffering in Bosnia has led to the radicalization of some Bosnian Islamic Leaders."

Although the Serbian church is under fire at this time for ignoring the issues of the ethnic cleansing it may be too late to do anything for the Muslim population in Bosnia. Sells says as of 1994 " The Serbian Republic that controls 70% of Bosnia is close to its goal of 100%." The few that remain are being killed off daily.

Before reading the article on the ethnic cleansing rituals in Bosnia I was unaware of what was actually going on and the reasons behind it. It is amazing that this act of genocide has occurred so late in history and nothing dramatic has been done about it.

The reasons for the mass killings are absolutely ludicrous. The Serbian's are actually holding a grudge for the death of Prince Lazar, which happened in 1389. The Serbian's compares this man to Christ, which is completely against all of the books.

This is a criminal act and I don't believe in killing or exterminating a group based on their religious beliefs. As long as man continues to have various interpretations of religion there will continue to be conflict. Unless there is some type of occupation of the land the weaker group will always be victimized by the stronger groups.

The issue that shocked me the most in the article was the role that the Serbian church played. Their silence is very much interpreted as support for the horrendous acts that are occurring. I believe that the churches should be neutral and these acts go against everything that the bible stands for. In a sense it is a form of hypocrisy on the church's behalf.

Another issue that I had with the subject is the passive role that NATO has taken on this issue. The act of ethnic cleansing of the Muslims in Bosnia should never have escalated to this level. In my opinion because other countries don't have much to gain, they are unwilling to get involved.

In my opinion I don't believe that there was a need for our country to go into Iraq the second time. I believe that the situation in Bosnia was more pressing and more legitimate. The Serbia's were guilty of the same crimes as Hitler but on a smaller scale. If we constantly allow such acts to continue it will send a message to other countries that this form of genocide will be accepted and tolerated.

In my opinion I believe that all human beings should have the freedom no matter what country they are from and what their ethnicity is to choose and practice their religion of choice without the fear of being killed and stripped of their cultural heritage.

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Essay on Marriage

Marriage has been part of one's life since the beginning of human evolution. A marriage is a commitment and unity between two people. There are many different types of marriages, which are love, arranged, endogamy, exogamy, and homogamy. An arranged marriage occurs when the marriage is arranged/fixed by parents, relatives, or close friends. A love marriage occurs when two people fall in love and decide to get married. An endogamy marriage is when you marry someone from the same social level.

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An exogamy marriage is when you marry outside of a "group" such as religion, social class, etc. A homogamy marriage is when you marry someone of similar interest; this type of marriage is similar to love marriage. In the modern world like today the most common type of marriage is love marriage. As there are many different types of marriage, there are also different roles of marriages. In the olden days, there was only one common role in marriages, which was the conventional role. The conventional role is viewed as the traditional role in which the women are the emotional supporter and the men as the financial supporter. Increasingly, people today are entering role such the shared marriage role and the dual-career marriage role.

The shared marriage is when both of the partners work and share household responsibilities. The dual-career marriage occurs when both of the partners are committed to their career, which means that they do not start having children until the later part of their lives. The least common role of marriage is the reverse conventional marriage role, which is when you have a breadwinner wife and a homemaker husband. No matter what the role or type of marriage it is, a marriage can not survive solely on love or commitment. In order for a marriage to last and be successful, the partners need to have effective communication. They need to be able to give and receive emotional support. They need to be able to resolve conflicts, develop satisfactory relationship with relatives, and work out mutually acceptable allocations of household chores and responsibilities. A marriage can be lonely if the husband and wife never learn to understand each other. So therefore, there may be different types of marriages, different roles of marriages but all marriages must have love, commitment, intimacy and passion to survive.

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Research Paper on Hypnosis

Many believe that hypnosis is mysterious, enchanting, and sometimes a little scary, but it really isn't all it may seem. People were even using hypnosis 3,000 years ago, according to an Ebers papyrus found that describes hypnotic-techniques used in sleep temples in ancient Greece. In China they started using hypnosis around 2600 BC. Back then, many thought hypnosis was linked to magic (Baker 51). Actually, many today still believe that hypnosis is linked with magic. Hypnosis is really much more and has many profound uses.

A man by the name of Franz Anton Mesmer, believed that hypnosis could actually be used to cure diseases by correcting unbalanced fluids through magnetism. He had a hypothesis that "rarefied fluid," called animal magnetism, controlled human's health. The patients, who believed they were being cured, showed massive improvement with their problems or diseases. This procedure was then called mesmerism, named after Mesmer, but we know it today as hypnotism (Americana 679).

The word hypnotism comes from the Greek word Hypnos, which means sleep (Scientific Approach). The reason why hypnotism is compared to the word sleep is because there is no other word in present times that can relate to it (Hollander 50). This is because hypnosis is a state of awareness when all problems escape the mind. Hypnosis grabs hold of a mental, physical, and emotional relaxation (Abrahamsen). Hypnosis is a way to relieve the patient of all pressures occurring in their daily life.

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When a person goes into the hypnotic state, the mind becomes remote and doesn't care about what is occurring. The mind turns over into the subconscious part of the brain rather than the conscious. The subconscious part of the brain is able to respond creatively to suggestions and imagery. Since the subconscious responds so positively to problems, a patient can focus on the best way to achieve their goal (Barr). While this is happening to the patient, they may have sensations, blushing, sweating, paralysis, tensing of muscles, and loss of pain (Scientific Approach).

There are many different ways to hypnotize a person, but most start by using a classical introduction. The classical introduction always contains eyelid closure. To make the patient close his/her eyes the hypnotist will have the patient gaze upon a finger, eye, spot on the wall or ceiling, and the most famous, a shiny or whirling object. The subject is told, "Breathe deeply but comfortably, deeply and comfortably, as your eyes grow heavier and heavier, your grow sleepier and sleepier, sleepier still. Your eyes are so heavy they feel they must close," (Americana 679). Those may not be the exact words a professional hypnotist may use but it is a close replica. Anyone can be taught to hypnotize somebody using this od, unless they have any doubt in it working. When the classical introduction is used upon a person and they try to relieve out of it, they may move the wrong muscles because the hypnotist has commanded them to relax or sleep. The patient is challenged to open their eyes but can not (Americana 679).

A hypnotist hypnotizing a person is not the only way for a person to be hypnotized, even though it is the best approach. There is a way called self-hypnosis where people can hypnotize themselves. This should not be done unless under the advice of a professional. In self-hypnosis people can give themselves an extra strength to overcome a weakness they may have. Psychotic and severely mental people should not attempt self-hypnosis. Unconscious hypnotism is an easier form of self-hypnosis. When others or a person put a repetitive suggestion into someone's or their own mind it is unconscious hypnotism (Barr). This technique of hypnotism is often used without the intention of using unconscious hypnotism. Autohypnosis is also very similar to self-hypnosis. Autohypnosis is when a professional may hypnotize a person and give a signal to that person, so that later on when the person initiates the signal they can move into the hypnotic state by themselves (Americana 680).

When a person is hypnotized by a technique they get into a trance. The depth of the trance is dependent on the emotional condition of the subject and how well educated the hypnotist is in hypnotism (Encarta). The different trances are broken down into 12 groups. They are effortless expression, fluction in involvement, experimental absorption, alteration of sensory experience, flexibility in time/space relations, willingness to experiment, experiential/non-conceptual involvement, trance logic, metaphorical processing, time distortion, amnesia, and the most common, motoric/verbal inhibition. In the most common trance, motoric/verbal inhibition, the patient does not feel like moving or talking, though the patient could, they don't find it important (Baker 165).

The uses of hypnotism do not cover a wide range. Hypnotism can be used to study a patient's problem so, the doctor can find out what the patient may be keeping from him/her. Usually when the doctor uses hypnotism on a person it isn't for that reason. A doctor uses hypnotism mainly to cure or relieve a patient of a disease or problem (Americana 679). It can also be used to cure an undesirable habit. Some habits are smoking, , and having no patience for people. Hypnosis can be used to gain weight control and motivation. Hypnosis can be used to eliminate fears and addictions. Hypnosis should not be used to eliminate pain (Abrahamsen). It also should not be used to advance oneself into things for wrong uses. Hypnosis is sometimes used as a stage trick but it is not a good idea to use for non-medical purposes (Americana 679).

One in every 3 persons can be hypnotized under the right conditions. This does not depend on the person's , age, intelligence, personality type, or emotional disease. If the patient's attention is gained they most likely can be hypnotized (Americana 679). A person who seems to be in the same state as when a person has taken in , which has monotonous and repetitive stimulation and physical exhaustion is said to be a good patient to hypnotize (Baker 165). Just because a person may suffer from being blind or deaf doesn't mean they can not be hypnotized. If a person is blind they can be hypnotized just by the hypnotist's voice. If the person is deaf they can be hypnotized by imitating the hypnotist's actions (Americana 680). Hypnotism should not be used on people who suffer from epilepsy, psychosis, or schizophrenia (Barr).

The real dangers of hypnotism are not widely expressed like they should be. There is a od that a hypnotist can use to get into a quick hypnotic state. It is called a trick od. A trick od is when a hypnotist, mostly entertainers, hit the carotid arteries and make the subject go into a hypnotic state very quickly. There is a carotid artery on each side of a person's neck that carries from the aorta to the head. Disrupting this flow of can cause momentary loss of consciousness or may kill the subject (Americana 680). If this is repeated or any kind of hypnosis is repeated, it may endanger the subject's health (Hollander 170). Also, while the person is hypnotized they do not have the critical thinking that they have with their conscious mind. This means they could make decisions they normally wouldn't make and may be hurt by the overall outcome of their decision. The American Medical Association saw these dangers of hypnotism and banned the use of hypnotism for entertainers in 1958. The American Psychiatric Association followed up on the AMA's decision, and also banned the use of hypnotism for entertainers in 1961 (Americana 680).

Hypnotism is morally a complex way to get rid of someone's problems. There are good points to it. For example, curing things people are suffering from. Then there is always the negative side to it. For example, the subject may make decisions that they would not approve of in their conscious state of mind. Hypnotism is more than just a magic trick done by a magician; it is a medical procedure done by a professional hypnotist. No judgement should be placed on hypnotism by what a person has seen; they should justify hypnotism only if they have experienced it for themselves.

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Research Paper on Bob Dylan

"Masters of War" is a great song written and performed by Bob Dylan. It was written in 1963 during the Vietnam War. When Dylan performed it for the first at Newport, it was seen as a great shock to the American people as at that time it was not seen as right to criticize the government especially in a time of war.

This political song was written to criticize the American government for sending teenagers off to war in Vietnam. Dylan also speaks about the cowardness, corruption and disgracefulness of the American government who sent these youths to war, of which many were killed. Dylan feels that these leaders deserve to die and he would want to make certain of their deaths.

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Even though "Masters of War" was written about the Vietnam War it is relevant to all the wars that are going on and thus has universal appeal. Dylan thus performed "Masters of War" again in 1991 at a Grammy ceremony which was during the Gulf War. He also performed it after September 11 2002, in which people seized the meaning of the song, not as the cruelty and corruption of the American government but about America's enemies in the war on terror.

Dylan uses a basic rhyme scheme starting from the second verse, where every second line rhymes in couplets of A-A, B-B, etc.

He uses imagery of war and gory images. These are of weapons and many mentions of blood and death. He also makes use of religious imagery. He speaks of Jesus and of "Judas of old", who was an apostle that betrayed Jesus by giving him up to his enemies for money. He also mentions that "even Jesus would never forgive" what they do. This tells the listener that the sins which these "Masters of War" have committed are so evil and wrong that not even Jesus would forgive them.

Dylan repeatedly uses the pronouns "you" and "I". This makes the song more direct and persona. It is as if he is speaking directly from himself to the masters of war. In the opening verse, Dylan makes emphasis on the pronoun "you" as if he is integrating these "Masters of War".

Dylan uses the use of similes to help portray his message within the song. An example of this is when he compares the way he is able to see their through the lies which are dirty, the same way he is able to "see through the water that runs down" his drain which is where dirty water goes. Dylan also uses metaphors as in the fourth stanza where Dylan speaks about how the leaders "hide in" their mansions "as young peoples blood flows out of their bodies and is buried in the mud." This metaphor explains that whilst the youth are murdered on the battlefield, their generals and leaders, who put them there in the first place, hide away in there own security and safety.

Dylan ends with a powerful ending mentioning his hope that these people, who have sent so many youths to their deathbeds, should die too, and very soon, and he will follow them at their funeral to make "sure that" are "dead".

This was and still is a very effective song and continuous to be relevant to all situations involving the unfair recruitment of the youth into the army. Many other bands have also performed this song, namely Pearl Jam.

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Research Paper on Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs are a part of almost everyone's life. Most people take, or at one time has taken, vitamins, aspirin, or cold relief medicine. These drugs, however, rarely produce an altered state and aren't considered psychoactive.

Psychoactive drugs are those that influence a person's emotions, behavior, and perceptions. If you've ever had a cup of coffee or a beer, you've taken a psychoactive drug. However, most psychoactive drugs are more harmful. Psychoactive drugs can be broken down into four classes.

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Stimulates are drugs that cause a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension. Caffeine is the most common stimulate. The major effects of caffeine are an increase in attentiveness and a decrease in reaction time. People can even build up a biological dependence on caffeine.

Other, more harmful, stimulates include cocaine and amphetamines. These drugs produce increased confidence, mood enhancement, and a sense of energy and alertness.

A person under the influence of these drugs may also have a decreased appetite, experience anxiety, irritability, and insomnia. With either of these drugs if taken in too large a quantity death can occur.

Depressants, on the other hand, have an adverse effect. Depressants reduce anxiety, create dramatic mood swings, slow mental and physical functioning, and sometimes produce bizarre thoughts of suicide. Alcohol is the most common depressant, and the drug used by more people than any other drug. According to those who use alcohol it releases tension and stress and gives them feelings of happiness. However, as doses increase people may feel emotionally and physically unstable. They also show poor judgment, speech impairment, and may act aggressively. If enough alcohol is consumed in a short time, a person can die of alcohol poisoning.

Other depressants can be classified as barbiturates. These are frequently prescribed be physicians to induce sleep or to reduce stress. These drugs produce a sense of relaxation. They are also addictive, and when paired with alcohol can be deadly.

A third group, narcotics are drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

Narcotics can also produce a difficulty in concentration, slow speech, and decrease physical activity. Morphine, which is used in many hospitals as a painkiller, is considered to be a legal narcotic. Another narcotic, heroin, is illegal in the US.

The last group of psychoactive drugs is classified as hallucinogens. A hallucinogenic drug is capable of producing hallucinations, or perceptional changes.

The most common hallucinogen today is marijuana. The effects of marijuana vary from person to person, but typically consist of a feeling of general well being. On the other hand, individuals who feel depressed can end up even more depressed because the drug magnifies both good and bad feelings. Heavy use of marijuana can temporarily decrease male sperm count and lower the ability of the immune system to fight germs. One long-term lasting effect of marijuana is the damage it does to a person's lungs. In addition marijuana has several medical uses; it can prevent nausea from chemotherapy, treat some AIDS symptoms, and relieve muscle spasms for people with spinal cord injuries.

Other hallucinogens include ecstasy and LSD. Ecstasy gives a person a heightened sense of oneself and feelings of peace, empathy, and energy. LSD produces vivid hallucinations and time distortion. These drugs can produce flashbacks.

If you ever think about using one of these drugs stop first, and think of the effects it will have on your body.

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Personal Growth Essay

My years of growing up here in Mount Airy have been great. Throughout my time here at Mount Airy High School, I have come in contact with some of the greatest people and settings that a person could grow up around. I have always been the type of person who strives to do their best. Whether that is in school, in the community, at home, or in extracurricular activities. I believe that each person should have goals in each and everything that they do, big or small, and that those goals are important to the way you perform in the everyday world and throughout life. My passion in High School is, and always has been football. I really truly fell in love with the game when I was in middle school.

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When I was in seventh grade I began to work out everyday and make myself better. I was not the biggest kid on the team, nor was I a starter, but I set my goals and oh-boy, have I achieved them. I was most improved in eighth grade, and I was moved up to start on varsity as a sophomore and ever since then I haven't looked back. I'm now a three-year letterman, I was All-Conference as a sophomore on offense, All-Conference as a junior on offense and defense, and this year so far I am pre-season All-State and a Captain of our football team.

I have always believed in myself, in my dreams, and in my goals. As a Student at Mount Airy High School, I have done what I can for myself by entering our four-year Honors System, which allows for individuals who qualify, to graduate with Honors. Football is one passion of mine, but I have grown to love and to sing in our schools' Show Choir. For me, it sets myself apart from the rest of my friends and fellow peers at the school. People respect me as an individual and think its great that I can, and enjoy, to sing. Soon I will be singing and performing in our schools annual talent show, which everyone enjoys. Mount Airy is a small town where most everyone knows each other, so it's important to me that I am a leader and a role model in the community. Past summers have been fun and relaxing, but with fun must come some hard work.

Two summers ago, I worked as a counselor at our local YMCA looking after young children. I had no idea what I was getting myself into. I soon realized how much the little children looked up to me, and soon they were analyzing how I reflected my actions, into their lives and myself. I then realized how important, long lasting, and how big a leadership role is. What is so great about my time with these children is that they remember me so well, now before, during halftime, and after football games they are still there at the games yelling and screaming my name. Still to this day, if I see the children in public, they run up to me and ask me if I remember them. It's a great feeling knowing that they remember you so well.

My time here at Mount Airy High School is dwindling fast, and I know the next giant step is coming soon. It's going to be an awesome feeling when I am able to meet new people and change other peoples lives, as others here in Mount Airy have changed mine.

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